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BIO205- WHITE
Study Guide
Microbial Nutrition and Growth
1. State the chemical requirements necessary for microbial growth.
2. Provide an example of how bacteria use each of the four macronutrients needed
for microbial growth (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorous).
3. Classify microbes into four groups on the basis of their preferred temperature
range. Know how temperature affects the cells (ex. enzymes, membranes)
4. Define the terms
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Acidophile
Alkalinophile
Halophile
Capnophile
Barophile
Growth factors
Lyophilization
5. Explain the classification of microbes on the basis of oxygen requirements.
6. Name four toxic forms of oxygen and three enzymes that neutralize them.
7. Differentiate between isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions and give an
example for each term
8. State the purpose of the following types of media:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Agar
Basic nutrient
Enriched
Selective
Differential
Reducing
Transport
9. Define binary fission and generation time. Understand how the number of cells
will increase based on generation time.
10. Explain the four phases of the bacterial growth curve.
11. State the temperature range of the body, room and refrigerator.
12. Explain how temperature can be used to preserve microbes
13. Describe how biofilms form.
14. Know what quorum sensing is with regard to biofilms.
15. Explain the medical significance of biofilms in allied health settings.
Microbial Genetics
1. Define the following terms in regard to microbial genetics:
a. genes
b. chromosome
c. plasmid
d. gene expression
2. Describe DNA structure of bacteria, including these terms:
a. 5’ and 3’ ends
b. Complementary base pairing
c. Antiparallel
3. Describe the DNA replication process of bacteria, including these terms:
a. Direction of replication
b. Origin of replication
c. DNA helicase
d. Stabilizing proteins
e. Replication forks
f. Leading / lagging strands
g. DNA polymerase (III) and (I)
h. RNA primer
i. RNA polymerase
j. DNA ligase
k. Okazaki fragment
l. Semiconservative
4. Explain the differences between RNA and DNA.
5. Describe the functions of the three types of RNA in gene expression.
6. Describe the transcription and translation steps of protein synthesis.
7. Define the terms: codon, anticodon, template strand, coding strand
8.Describe the components of an operon and how it controls gene expression.
9. Differentiate between inducible (lac) and repressible (tryp) operons.
10. Define mutation, mutagens and spontaneous mutation.
11. Differentiate between the types of point mutations and frameshift mutations.
12. Define recombination, competent cell and horizontal gene transfer.
13. Know the different sites of ribosome where translation occurs.
14. Describe the following types of horizontal genetic transfer:
a. Transformation
b. Transduction
c. Conjugation
d. Transposition
Recombinant DNA technology and Conventional/Molecular Diagnostics
1. Know how synthetic nucleic acids are used in recombinant DNA technology
2. Know what restriction enzymes are and how they are used in cloning
3. Know the natural and the synthetic methods used to introduce DNA into a cell
(transformation, transduction, etc)
4. Know what a vector is with regard to recombinant technology
5. Describe the difference between conventional and molecular diagnostics.
a) name at least three conventional methods of testing5
b) name at least three molecular testing methods
6. Know the steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
7. Understand the significance of PCR in the field of molecular biology, diagnostics and
forensics
8. Know the components of PCR and how it relates to DNA replication.
9. What is the advantages and disadvantages of molecular testing relative to conventional.
10. Know at least three different targets used commonly in Sanger sequencing for bacterial
identification.