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Transcript
Name: _________________________ Date: ______ Cells They make up everything! First things first! There’s ALWAYS a theory! Cell theory states that: o All living things are composed of _______________ o Cells are the _____________________________________ part of a living organism o All cells come from other _______________ Types of Cells Two Main Types of Cells: _____________________ _____________________ Types of Cells You may also see cells differentiated by: _______________________ _______________________ Prokaryotes _________________________ organisms Found in all _________________________________ No nuclear membrane (aka ____________________) o Instead they have a _________________________ region No ___________________________ bound organelles Simple internal structure Most primitive (appeared about ________________________________________) Includes _________________________and archaebacteria Evolved _________________________ eukaryotic cells Structure: o Plasmid (__________________) DNA o Ribosomes o _________________________________ o Cell wall (different composition than _____________________) o Some have capsules outside wall (enhances _______________________________ protects from engulfment) o Some have ________________________________________ (for movement) Eukaryotes More advanced than ___________________________ ALL ______________________ organisms are eukaryotic There are some _________________________ organisms that are eukaryotic _______________________________ internal structure Appeared around ________________________ years ago YOU are made up by ______________________________! Have ______________________________________ membrane Have ______________________________________ organelles Cell membrane Cytoplasm – everything between ____________________________________________ Unicellular vs. Multicellular Some Eukaryotic organisms are unicellular = made up of ___________________. We are made up of ____________________________ which work together to allow us to function. o Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems = ____________________________ o We are made up of ~___________________________ cells. How big is that number? 37.2 trillion minutes = 70,729,300 years!!! Animal Cells No ________________________ Small or _________________________ _________________________________ May have flagella Have ____________________________ organelles Plant Cells _____________________ Large Vacuole _______________________ Flagella in gametes (sex cells) only Have _____________________ bound organelles Cell Organelles _______________________________________ that perform important cellular functions in _______________________________ cells Helps a cell do __________________! Can be compared to ____________________! (see the name resemblance?) Examples of Cell Jobs Making ______________________ keratin which is in your hair Sending signals ____________________________, how you know how to take your hand off of a hot stove Turning _______________________ to glucose (______________________) Contracting for movement ________________________________ The Nucleus The __________________ of the cell Controls most cell processes by giving _____________________________________________________________ Contains the hereditary information of _______________ o ___________________________________________________ o ___________________ of the cell Copies the ________________________________ so that when a new cell divides, the new cell is exactly the same as the original cell Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape o Microfilaments ________________________ fibers(smallest) o Microtubules ________________________________________ (thickest) ______________________ the cell Also involved in ____________________________ Cytoplasm ______________________________ liquid (think mucous) which makes up the majority of the volume of the cell Made primarily of ____________________ but there are also proteins, salts, etc. in it Forms a lattice that offers ______________________________ for the cell Ribosomes Ribosomes assemble ____________________ Located on the __________________________________________ (ER for short) Also free-floating in the ___________________________ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER is ______________________________________________________. Rough ER is rough because of the ________________________________ on its __________________. Ribosomes are responsible for ___________________________ (production) which. Once the ribosomes produce their proteins, the proteins are stored in sacs called _________________________. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a network of tubes and small sacs called ________________________. ___________________________________________ (not just for muscle building but also is a type of molecule that often makes up hormones). Also serves to store important ions such as ______________________ which is especially important in muscle contractions. Golgi Apparatus Takes molecules and puts them into _________________________________ (small sacs) for transport and eventual export (secretion). Works closely with the _________________________ as it receives vesicles with proteins from the rough ER and re-packages them for ____________________________________. Also can create ___________________________ for export. Finally, the golgi apparatus produces ____________________. Lysosomes Sac (or membrane bubble) filled with _____________________ that break down old organelles and large molecules Kind of like a ____________________ Types of Lysosome Processes _________________________ – digestion of food particle _________________________ – breakdown of organelles _________________________ – self-destruction of whole cell Vacuoles Sacs that store ______________ and other materials _________________________________ Chloroplasts Capture the _____________________________ to make glucose in plants and algae Energy is stored in _____________________________ Contain their own _______________ FOUND IN _________________________ Mitochondria ________________________ of the cell Break the ___________________________________ to release the sun’s energy so it can be stored and used as ATP Contain own ______________ Endosymbiotic Theory It is believed that mitochondria (___________________________) were once independent prokaryotic cells that were ________________________ by larger eukaryotic cells. Evidence = mitochondria have their ___________________________ which is not replicated by the nucleus, they have their own _________________________, replicate on their own in a method similar to how _______________________ cells divide Cell Membrane Regulates what ___________________________________ the cell ________________________________ has proteins and carbohydrates embedded in it Think of it as a ____________________! Made up of phospholipids which have _________________________________________ _________________________________ (does this ring a bell?) Cell Wall In plants, fungi, and bacteria: it gives _______________________________________ Plants made of ____________________________ Fungi made of ______________________ Word of the Day: COOPERATION All of the organelles _____________________________ to enable the cell to accomplish its job But How Does It All Fit? There is approximately __________________ worth of DNA in each one of your cells. Your cells are ___________________! Your nucleus is EVEN SMALLER. http://htwins.net/scale2/ So how is it that all that DNA can fit? DNA is packaged into _____________________________. Chromosomes are long strands of _______________ that contain many genes. In humans, ____________________________________ b/c you inherit one from each parent. Chromosomes are usually difficult to see BUT ________________________________, they can be seen under a light microscope.