Download Unit 2 Review

Biology 40S
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DNA REVIEW
Use the following as a TOOL only. Survey to see what you don’t know, focus on these terms
in your notes. This will not be covered in class other than process questions you and several
others are concerned about. Questions that are straight from the notes will be re-directed
to the notes—find them there, ask a neighbour. All the answers are in your notes.
1. Know the contributions of the following scientists to our understanding of the DNA molecule:
1896 – Fredrich Meischer isolates nucleic acids from the nuclei of white blood cells.
1902 – Sutton & Boveri suggest the genetic material of the cell is contained in chromosomes.
1919 – Phoebus Levine shows DNA and RNA are made up of chains of nucleotides with 4 distinct bases.
1928 – Fred Griffith’s experiments with bacteria indicate that DNA is probably the cell’s genetic material.
1933 – T.H. Morgan shows that genes are linear arrays on chromosomes.
1941 – Beadle and Tatum discover the role of genes in regulating biochemical events and demonstrate the
“one gene one protein” hypothesis.
1944 – Oswald Avery’s experiments indicate that DNA, not protein, is probably the cell’s genetic material.
1950 – Hershey & Chase clearly show that DNA is the genetic material of the cell by labeling bacteriaphages
with sulphur and phosphorous.
1951 – Edwin Chargoff proposes that there is a consistent ratio between nitrogenous bases. Chargoff’s
rule.
1952 – Franklin & Wilkins use X-ray crystallography to indicate the helical structure of DNA.
1953 – Watson & Crick propose the double-helix model of DNA.
2. Recognize nitrogenous bases deoxyribose and ribose sugar.
3. Define diploid, haploid.
4. What makes up a gene? What is an intron? Exon?
5. Know the literal words for the acronyms: DNA, RNA, rRNA, mRNA and tRNA
6. Know the roles for each type of RNA (rRNA, mRNA, tRNA).
7. Draw a cell. Label the nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, cytosol (cytoplasm),
ribosomes, and Golgi body.
8. State where rRNA, mRNA and tRNA is made and where proteins are made.
9. Sketch a short DNA molecule of 4 base pairs. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, label the bases
you have chosen along with their partners, label H-bonds.
10. Define semiconservative replication, complementary, genome. How accurate is replication?
11. How does a 2 m long strand of chromatin fit into the nucleus of a tiny cell? (include, histones).
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12. Know function of enzymes.
13. Know the order, reasons for the steps in our DNA extraction from split peas.
14. Define codon, anticodon, amino acid, and peptide. How many codons do we have for our amino
acids?
15. Describe, draw and label steps and structures involved in transcription and translation.
16. Where do amino acids come from that are used to make our proteins?
17. Be able to read the amino acid table correctly.
18. Define, draw, and recognize mutations:
a. Gene: point, frameshift (insertion or deletion of single base)
b. chromosomal: inversions, translocations, insertions, deletions.
19. State/recognize causes of mutations. Define mutagen.
20. Reasons for sickle cell anemia, trisomy 21, fragile X syndrome, cystic fibrosis
21. Review GATTACA (movie) terms—borrowed, ladder, genoism. Motives for certain characters:
Vincent, Jerome, Vincent’s parents, the doctor at GATTACA.
22. Think about ethical issues such as genetic interviews, gene screening, insurance costs. How do
these relate to what we do with police background checks, genetic counselling, insurance for some
disorders today?