* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cells
Survey
Document related concepts
Cytoplasmic streaming wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Cells Definition of a cell – smallest unit of an organism that can perform life functions History of the cell and cell theory 1. Robert Hooke – looked at cork cell under a microscope made of little empty boxes and called them cells. 2. Matthias Schleiden – studied plant parts- concluded that all plants are made up of cells 3. Theodor Schwann – studied animal cellsconcluded all animals were made up of cells 4. Rudolf Virchow – hypothesized that new cells don’t form on their own. Cells divide to form new cells 5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek – used simple microscopes to observe tiny animalcules “beasties”later named bacteria Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms 3. All cells come from cells that already exist Characteristics of a cell Protoplasm: “first/ forming substance” living part of any cell 1. Membrane and cytoplasm- all cells have a membrane and are filled with a gel like material called cytoplasm 2. Organelles - most organelles are surrounded by a membrane - some organelles break down food - some organelles move waste products - some organelles store materials 3. Nucleus or nuclear material- all cells have something that controls the life activities of the cell -Prokaryotes- have NO membrane around nuclear material SCRAMBLED EGG- “PRO MEANS NO” MONERAN KINGDOM- BACTERIA -Eukaryotes- have a membrane around their nuclear material, known as a true nucleus FRIED EGG- “EU MEANS TRUE” ANIMAL, PLANT, FUNGI, PROTIST KINGDOMS 4. Cells come in different shapes and sizes -Nerve cells- may be one-meter long- fine extensions send impulses through the body -White blood cells – can change shape to attack and surround disease causing agents -Red blood cells – 1/10 the size of an egg cell which is about the size of a dot of an i- small flexible disk shape for squeezing through tiny blood vessels -Plant vessel cells- long hollow with holes for transporting minerals and water Organic compounds- there are 4 groups of organic compounds that make up all living things 1. Carbohydrates – when carbs are broken down energy is released and used to power cell processes 2. Proteins – used for building cell parts- made of amino acids can be enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in cells 3. Lipids – store and release energy in larger amounts than carbohydrates 4. Nucleic Acids- large organic molecules that store important information in the cells - DNA – directs all cell activities- found in chromosomes - RNA – carries information for making proteins- found in cytoplasm METABOLIC PROCESSES- ALL CELLS UNDERGO Respiration Ingestion Digestion Excretion CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS- 2nd Quiz CELL MEMBRANE FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into and out of the cell. (Semi-Permeable membrane) MADE OF a double layer of fats with some proteins scattered throughout. MAINTAINS CHEMICAL balance between materials inside and outside the cell. Food and oxygen move into the cell through the membrane. Waste products also leave through the membrane. CELL WALLS RIGID STRUCTURE FOUND outside the cell membrane that supports and protects the plant cell. FOUND IN plant cells. MADE OF bundles of tough cellulose fibers and other materials made by the cell. CHLOROPLASTS WHERE LIGHT ENERGY IS TURNED INTO chemical energy IN THE FORM OF A sugar, glucose DURING THE PROCESS OF photosynthesis. FOUND in plant cells. CHLOROPHYLL CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + LIGHT ENERGY GLUCOSE + OXYGEN CYTOPLASM GEL-LIKE MATERIAL CONTAINS large amount of water and many chemicals and structures that carry out life processes in the cell. Constantly moves or streams called cytoplasmic streaming. NUCLEUS DIRECTS ALL CELL activities CONTAINS THE genetic blueprint on long strands of chromatin (made up of proteins and DNA- a chemical that controls the activities of the cell. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE SEPARATES THE NUCLEUS FROM THE CYTOPLASM. materials enter and leave through openings in the membrane. NUCLEOLUS IS FOUND in the nucleus. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMFOLDED membrane THAT MOVES MATERIALS around in the cell. EXTENDS FROM nucleus to the cell membrane RIBOSOMES cells MAKE THEIR OWN PROTEIN ON these small structures . The nucleus sent directions to the ribosomes and ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. some are free floating in the cytoplasm and some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. GOLGI BODIES STACKS OF MEMBRANE COVERED SACS THAT move proteins to the outside of the cell. They are the packaging and secreting organelles of the cell. MITOCHONDRIA (mitochondrion) BREAKS DOWN FOOD MOLECULES TO RELEASE energy for the cell “POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL” MUSCLE CELLS have a large numbers of mitochondria because they are more active and require more energy. LYSOSOMES CONTAIN CHEMICALS THAT digest wastes and worn out cell parts SURROUNDED BY a membrane to keep from breaking down the cell itself. VACUOLES STORAGE AREA FOR CELLS for water food or waste products VERY large IN PLANT CELLS AND VERY small IN ANIMAL CELLS. CENTRIOLESfound only in animal cells important for cell division