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Chapter 11: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
Function of DNA
1. Stores and transmits all genetic information
2. “tells” cells what proteins to make and when to make them- this is necessary for
cellular function.
3. This information is passed on from parent to child.
Structure of DNA
 DNA is a ____________ __________ made up of ________________.
 _______________ are made of three parts:
1. A phosphate group
2. A sugar called ______________________.
3. A ________________ ______________ ________.
 The sugar and the phosphate groups are always the same and make up the
backbone of DNA.
 There are, however, ____ different nitrogen bases.
1.
2.
These bases are called
__________________.
3.
These bases are called
__________________.
4.
The structure of DNA is similar to a ladder that has been twisted. This is called a
________________ ____________, and was first discovered in 1953 by
___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________ with the help
___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________.
The 2 strands of DNA
are connected by
________________ _______ _______.
This is also called the
_______ ___________ ________:
__________ bonds with
__________ (G-C)
__________ bonds with
__________ (A-T)
DNA Replication
The process of copying DNA is called ______________________.
1. DNA is “unzipped” by enzymes called
_________________.
The point where DNA is separated is called the
________________ _________.
2. Enzymes called _______ _____________
gather new nucleotides and assemble new DNA
molecules using complimentary bases.
Remember:
A-T
C-G.
3. Two new strands of DNA are formed. Because
there is always one strand of old DNA, the
number of ________________
is decreased.
RNA and Transcription
 Although DNA holds all of the genetic information the cell needs, it cannot do
“everything” alone.
 It needs a nucleic acid called ___________ to make proteins.
Structure of RNA
The structure of RNA is like that of DNA except:
 The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose.
 The base __________ replaces thymine.
 RNA is single stranded.
To make proteins, DNA must first make a strand of RNA. This is called ____________.
(takes place in nucleus).
1. Strand of DNA separates.
2. An enzyme called _______
__________gathers nucleotides and
makes a strand called ________
(__________ _______).
3. A strand of __________ is formed.
*NOTE* Transcription of mRNA starts by binding to specific proteins on DNA
called _______________ and ends at a place on DNA that is called a ___________
_____________.
Protein Synthesis or Translation
Once a strand of mRNA is made, and moves out of the nucleus, the process of making
proteins can begin. This process is called ____________________. The process takes
place ‘in ribosomes”.
1. A strand of mRNA is the template for protein
synthesis.
 Each 3 base pairs is called a ________,
which codes for an amino acid (amino
acids make proteins).
2. Molecules called tRNA (transfer RNA) carry
amino acids in groups of 3 bases. The groups
in tRNA are called _______________.
3. tRNA matches _________________ with
___________________.
*In “real life” there are many codons in between the start and stop codon.*
4. The amino acids are joined together to make a protein. The tRNA and mRNA are
released and the proteins are used in the cell or exported by the golgi apparatus.
5. These proteins make up __________________ ____ __________.
that make up ____________.
that make up ____________.
that make up ____________. _________________
that make up ____________ ________________.