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Chapter 11: Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid Function of DNA 1. Stores and transmits all genetic information 2. “tells” cells what proteins to make and when to make them- this is necessary for cellular function. 3. This information is passed on from parent to child. Structure of DNA DNA is a ____________ __________ made up of ________________. _______________ are made of three parts: 1. A phosphate group 2. A sugar called ______________________. 3. A ________________ ______________ ________. The sugar and the phosphate groups are always the same and make up the backbone of DNA. There are, however, ____ different nitrogen bases. 1. 2. These bases are called __________________. 3. These bases are called __________________. 4. The structure of DNA is similar to a ladder that has been twisted. This is called a ________________ ____________, and was first discovered in 1953 by ___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________ with the help ___________ _____________ and ____________ ____________. The 2 strands of DNA are connected by ________________ _______ _______. This is also called the _______ ___________ ________: __________ bonds with __________ (G-C) __________ bonds with __________ (A-T) DNA Replication The process of copying DNA is called ______________________. 1. DNA is “unzipped” by enzymes called _________________. The point where DNA is separated is called the ________________ _________. 2. Enzymes called _______ _____________ gather new nucleotides and assemble new DNA molecules using complimentary bases. Remember: A-T C-G. 3. Two new strands of DNA are formed. Because there is always one strand of old DNA, the number of ________________ is decreased. RNA and Transcription Although DNA holds all of the genetic information the cell needs, it cannot do “everything” alone. It needs a nucleic acid called ___________ to make proteins. Structure of RNA The structure of RNA is like that of DNA except: The sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose. The base __________ replaces thymine. RNA is single stranded. To make proteins, DNA must first make a strand of RNA. This is called ____________. (takes place in nucleus). 1. Strand of DNA separates. 2. An enzyme called _______ __________gathers nucleotides and makes a strand called ________ (__________ _______). 3. A strand of __________ is formed. *NOTE* Transcription of mRNA starts by binding to specific proteins on DNA called _______________ and ends at a place on DNA that is called a ___________ _____________. Protein Synthesis or Translation Once a strand of mRNA is made, and moves out of the nucleus, the process of making proteins can begin. This process is called ____________________. The process takes place ‘in ribosomes”. 1. A strand of mRNA is the template for protein synthesis. Each 3 base pairs is called a ________, which codes for an amino acid (amino acids make proteins). 2. Molecules called tRNA (transfer RNA) carry amino acids in groups of 3 bases. The groups in tRNA are called _______________. 3. tRNA matches _________________ with ___________________. *In “real life” there are many codons in between the start and stop codon.* 4. The amino acids are joined together to make a protein. The tRNA and mRNA are released and the proteins are used in the cell or exported by the golgi apparatus. 5. These proteins make up __________________ ____ __________. that make up ____________. that make up ____________. that make up ____________. _________________ that make up ____________ ________________.