* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Honors Biology Final Outline
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Oncogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Honors Biology Final Outline Note to Students: This is a compilation of biological concepts that you have been instructed upon so far since the midterm. It is intended to serve as a topical outline for studying and should not be relied on solely as the means of preparation for taking the assessment. I strongly suggest that you review all relevant vocabulary associated with these concepts. For more detailed explanations, consult your notes, handouts, and textbook. Organizing study groups with friends is recommended. Good luck! Unit 5: Molecular Genetics: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.6, 18.2, 18.3, 9.5, 17.3, 9.1, 9.4 DNA structure and function is essential to understanding genetics Chargaff’s Rules & the relationship to Watson & Crick’s proposed base-pairs The central dogma for biological information: DNA, RNA, & Protein The DNA of a gene serves as a template for transcribing this information into RNA (base pairing) RNA must first be processed (introns, exons) in eukaryotes before a mRNA can be formed o generates transcript diversity RNA structure and function is essential to understanding how genes are expressed o codons, anticodons, etc. Translation at the ribosome: mechanism Prokaryotes regulate the expression of many genes together using operons Mutations in DNA sequences can convert information that has no effect on coding information (silent), substitutions that change coded information into different coded information when translated (missense) or result in loss of information (nonsense, stop codon). Mutations that result in insertions and deletions of information can significantly alter information when it is expressed. Environmental agents such as mutagens can cause mutations in cells. Viruses differ in structure and ways of entering host cells. Viruses are obligate intracellular genetic parasites. Viruses cause infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS Genomics involves the study of genes, gene functions, and entire genomes. Technology allows the study and comparison of both genes and proteins. Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time. Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks. Scientists use restriction enzymes to manipulate DNA. Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments. New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA using biotechnology. Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits (antibiotic resistance, etc.) Unit 6: The Molecular Biology of Cells: 5.1, 8.3, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 5.5, 28.1, 8.6, 23.1, 23.2 SA/volume relationships related to membranes & transport The cell cycle: interphase DNA replication: mechanism DNA strands, templates, sense, antisense Chromosomal structure and function Chromosomal condensation: chromatin and the metaphase chromosome Mitosis & cytokinesis: changes in the nucleus, spindle role, and chromosome movement. Regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: internal & external factors The role of apoptosis in development and normal tissue maintenance Cancer biology: tumors & metastases germ cells (gametes) and somatic cells Autosomes and sex chromosomes Ploidy and changes in ploidy: meiosis Process of meiosis and gamete formation Fertilization and chromosome set number: n + n = 2n stem cell biology cell determination and the role of epigenetic marks on chromosomes cell differentiation and specialization Eukaryotes regulate the expression of single genes using multiple regulatory sequences of DNA and transcription factors. Animals build their bodies using Hox gene expression patterns. Unit 7: Patterns of Inheritance: 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.2, 7.1, 7.4, 6.6, 7.3 Mendel’s research: characters of inheritance, independent assortment, dominance, and segregation The nature of genes, alleles, and traits as it applies to inheritance Genotypes and phenotypes: dominance and recessiveness Genetics and probability: the Punnett square Monohybrid crosses: Dominance, Principle of segregation, and Punnett squares Modifying mendelian ratios: codominance and incomplete dominance Multiple alleles in a population Patterns of inheritance associated with XY sex determination systems Pedigree analysis dihybrid crosses: Principle of independent assortment, probability, forked-line methods Crossing over & linkage Unit 8: Population Genetics & Evolutionary Ecology: 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 17.2, 12.6 Variation, adaptive traits, and adaptation Natural selection as a mechanism of evolution Evidence for evolution Phylogenetics & cladograms Genetic variation and allele frequencies Populations: gene pools, phenotypes, traits, and adaptations Natural selection and phenotypic variation Selection patterns (three types) o Directional selection o Stabilizing selection o Disruptive selection Gene flow Genetic drift Sexual selection Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium speciation: reproductive & geographic isolation, adaptive radiation convergent evolution extinction human evolution