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WLHS / AP Bio / Monson
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UNIT 6 STUDY GUIDE – DNA, Protein Synthesis, Biotechnology (CH 16-18)!
CH 16 VOCAB (& people!):
Griffith
transformation
DNA polymerases
primase
Avery, et al.
phage / bacteriophage
antiparallel
helicase
Hershey & Chase
double helix
5’ and 3’ ends
single-strand binding pro.
Chargaff
purine / pyrimidine
leading vs. lagging strand
nuclease
Wilkins & Franklin
semiconservative model
Okazaki fragments 
nucleotide excision repair
Watson & Crick
origins of replicateon
DNA ligase
Telomeres 
replication fork
primers
telomerase
CH 17 VOCAB:
transcription
reading frame
spliceosome
mutations
translation
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
RNA polymerase
promoter
ribozymes
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
point mutation
base-pair substitution
RNA processing
triplet code
terminator
5’ cap; 3’ poly(A) tail
ribosome: E, P, A sites
stop codon
insertion vs. deletion
frameshift mutation
template strand
codon vs. anticodon
RNA splicing
introns vs. exons
polyribosomes
signal peptide
mutagen
silent mutation
RECOMMENDED: Try (or at least look over) the “Self-Quiz” multiple choice questions for each chapter!
ALSO, review all study questions from CH 16-18.
REVIEW QUESTIONS: (some may done on a separate sheet of paper and attached)
1) Explain (or use a sketch/diagram) how Hershey & Chase used radioactively labeled viruses to show that DNA,
not protein, is the genetic material.
2) Briefly explain the function of each protein / enzyme listed below:
A) Helicase
B) Single stranded binding proteins
C) Topoisomerase (see text p. 314)
D) Primase
E) DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I
F) DNA Ligase
3) Label this diagram
of DNA replication
with as much
detail as possible.
4) Sketch and label / describe the anatomy of a ribosome. Include in your labeled sketch and/or your description
the following: large ribosomal unit, small ribosomal subunit, E site, P site, A site, mRNA binding site, growing
polypeptide. (see figure 17.17)
5) How many RNA nucleotides are necessary to code for a polypeptide that is 247 amino acids long? Explain.
6) (3 pts) Describe three ways in which mRNA is modified after transcription and before translation. (in eukaryotes)
7) Using an mRNA codon chart, fill in the following table:
DNA triplet
GGG
mRNA codon
tRNA Anticodon
Amino acid
GAA
Lysine
AGC
Leucine
ATA
AAA
CAA
8) For the following DNA strand:
DNA strand:
3’ – T A C G G T C A C T T C T A A G G C G A T A C T – 5’
a) Write out the mRNA sequence that would result from the transcription of this strand:
mRNA: 5’ -
- 3’
b) Write out the amino acid sequence that would result from the translation of this mRNA strand:
amino acid sequence:
c) Assume there is a mutation in which the cytosine (C) in the seventh position of the original DNA strand is
DELETED. Write out the resulting mRNA sequence that will be transcribed from this mutated DNA.
mRNA: 5’ -
- 3’
d) Write out the amino acid sequence that would result from the translation of this new mRNA strand:
amino acid sequence:
e) What kind of mutation is this?
CH 18 VOCAB:
operon
operator, repressor
regulatory gene
corepressor
inducer
trp operon (repressible)
lac operon (inducible)
histone modifications
DNA methyhlation
epigenetic inheritance
alternative RNA splicing
micro RNAs (miRNAs)
RNA interference
small interfering (si) RNAs
oncogenes
proto-oncogenes
p53 gene
telomerase
tumor-suppressor genes
ras gene
BRCA1 and BRCA2
CH 18 REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1) Why is the trp operon considered REPRESSIBLE?
2) Why is the lac operon considered INDUCIBLE?
3) Explain how the following conditions would effect the “on/off” status of the trp operon:
A) tryptophan absent:
B) tryptophan present:
4) Explain how the following conditions would effect the “on/off” status of the lac operon:
A) Lactose absent:
B) Lactose present:
5) Summarize two ways in which chromatin structure is regulated.
6) What is DNA methyhlation? (include the end result of methylating DNA)
7) What is meant by “alternative RNA splicing”?
8) In what sense is cancer always a “genetic” disease?
9) What is the the “normal” function of the Ras protein? What happens with mutations in the ras gene that can
lead to cancer?
10) How can a mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene (i.e. p53 gene) contribute to the development of cancer?
11) What is the likely role of BRCA1 and BRCA2, the 2 genes associated with most cases of inherited breast
cancer?