Download part 1 genetics notes—ch 10-13

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PART 1
GENETICS NOTES—CH 10-13
A. Definitions #1
1. Traits are ____________________________that are inherited such as eye color, height and skin color.
2. Heredity is the __________________________ of traits to offspring.
3. Genetics is the study of _____________________.
B. Gregor Mendel----The ____________________ of Genetics
1. Mendel was a monk that studied traits in _______________________________ plants. Some of the
traits were seed shape, flower color and plant height.
2. Mendel discovered basic _______________, _________________ and ________________of heredity.
3. Mendel discovered two RULES:
a. Rule of Unit Factors—each organism has _________________ that control _______________.
One of the genes comes from the _______________ and the other one from the ____________.
Another way to say this is that _______________of your genes come from ___________ parent.
b. Rule of Dominance—there are some genes that are _______________ and other genes that are
___________________. The dominant gene ___________________ the recessive gene when the
_________________________________________. For example, T represents the dominant
gene for a tall pea plant and t represents the recessive gene for a short pea plant. TT and Tt will
be ______________ plants. tt will be a _________________ plant
4. Mendel discovered two LAWS:
a. Law of ______________________—every individual has two genes for each trait (rule of unit
factor) and when sperm and eggs are formed they contain only _________________ of the genes
b. Law of ________________________—different trait is inherited __________________.
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C. Definitions #2
1. Gametes are female and male ____________ _____________ (eggs and sperms) created by cell
reproduction called ___________________.
2. Fertilization is when the egg and sperm __________________, or fuses together to form a fertilized
egg called a _________________________.
3. Pollination is the same as fertilization but it happens in _____________________. Pollen has the
____________ inside of it.
4. Alleles- _____________________________ of a gene for a trait. (the letters we use to represent genes).
Example--either Tall (T) or short (t).
Another example-- either Tall (T) or short (t)
i. Dominant- the trait that takes over or _________________ the recessive trait. (T)
ii. Recessive- a trait that _________________________ by the dominant trait (t)
iii. Heterozygous or _____________ or _____________- when a person has two ____________
alleles, Tt.
iv. Homozygous or __________________- when a person has two of the ____________alleles,
TT or tt.
---TT is the homozygous _________________________ trait
---tt is the homozygous _____________________________ trait.
v. Genotype- the ________ or letters (genes) a person has (TT, Tt, tt) [genotype=__________]
vi. Phenotype- the ___________ trait a person has ex. Tall or short [phenotype=___________]
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PART 2
GENETICS NOTES—CH 10-13
D. Patterns of Inheritance
1. Simple recessive traits—result from having 2 recessive genes from each parent. Recessive alleles
are usually represented by lower case letters (example rr or gg)
a. Example ( a recessive disorder)—Cystic fibrosis
i. Most commonly found in ______________________
ii. It caused by a ____________________ protein in the plasma membrane
iii. The result is _______________________ in the lungs and digestive system.
iv. It is treated with ____________________, _________________________ &
_________________________
b. Example ( a recessive disorder)—Tay-Sachs
i. Most commonly found in ______________________ whose ancestors are from
eastern ___________________.
ii. It caused by a missing
_________________ (protein) that breaks down a certain
lipid
iii. The result is a build up of ____________________in the brain and spinal cord (aka
central nervous system), which causes damage.
c. Example ( a recessive disorder)—Phenylketonuria (PKU)
i. Most commonly found in Americans whose ancestors are from ________________,
____________________ or _____________________.
ii. It caused by a missing _________________ (protein) that converts phenylalanine to
tyrosine.
iii. The result is a build up of
_____________________ which damages the brain and
spinal cord (aka __________________ __________________
iv. It is treated with a _______________
phenylalanine.
_______________)
_________________ that is low in
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2. Simple Dominant traits—result from inheriting a dominant genes from one or both of the parents.
Dominant traits are usually represented by uppercase letters. Dominates show up in the homozygous
dominant (TT) and the heterozygous individual (Tt).
a. _____________ chin
b. Widow’s __________________ (an eddy)
c. ___________________ earlobes
d. ____________________ thumb
e. ____________________________ Disease—this is a lethal disease (which means it kills
you) that causes a breakdown in certain parts of the ___________.
3. Incomplete dominance—the genes of _____________parents ____________to form a
__________ color in the offspring. For example, one plant with red flowers is crossed with a plant
with white flowers, the results are seeds that produces plants with _______________flowers.
4. Codominanace—the genes of ________________ parents _____________________ in the
offspring. For example, one plant with red flowers is crossed with a plant with white flowers, the
results are seeds that produces plants with ________________ & ________________ flowers.
Another example sickle cell anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia is an example of a codominant disease.
It is more common in people of _________________ and _________________________ ancestry.
It protects someone from ____________________. It can cause severe pain.
The blood cells are _____________________-shaped.
You can be normal (NN), a carrier (NS) or have sickle cell (SS).
If you are a carrier you have both normal and sickle blood cells.
If a person who is a carrier and a person who has sickle cell
mated
50% would be carriers (NS)
50% would have sickle cell (SS)
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5. SeX-linked traits—traits _______________ by genes on the ____________________
chromosomes. Most sex-linked traits happen more often in ____________________.
Examples ________________________________________ in fruit flies (Drysophila).
________________________ and __________________________ colorblindness in humans.
6. Gender---- _____ = female
________=male
Males determines the gender of the offspring
7. Polygenic inheritance=some traits are controlled by _____________________________ genes on
___________________ chromosomes. Because it is controlled by several genes, there is more
variety, or variation in the trait.
Examples are skin color and height.
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PART 3
GENETICS NOTES—CH 10-13
E. Definitions #3
1. Multiple alleles—having different _______________________ for a trait. For example, human hair
can be black, brown, red or blond.
-Another example, pigeons can different colored feathers; ash-red, blue or chocolate colored.
-Another example is blood type. IA= allele for A
IB=allele for B
i=allele for O
a. **There are FOUR blood types:
Phenotype
Genotype
i. Type A-
Type A can have genotype ______ or ______
ii. Type B-
Type B can have genotype _______ or ______
iii. Type AB-
Type AB has genotype ________ or ________
iv. Type O-
Type O has genotype ______
b. **O is the recessive blood type to A and B
c. **A and B are codominant to each other.
d. **The A and B represent proteins on the blood cell.
Do this Practice example & complete the Punnetts square
1. Cross an individual that is heterozygous for type A blood and an individual that is heterozygous for type B
blood.
2. An individual with type O blood mates with an individual that is homozygous for type B blood.
1.
2.
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2. Karyotype is a picture of someone’s chromosomes and is used to identify some genetic diseases
like Down’s Syndrome.
3. Down’s Syndrome- this is genetic disorder is caused by nondisjunction.
The person has three 21 chromosomes and so a total of 47 chromosomes. ( the normal number of
human chromosomes is 46 chromosomes)
It can also be called trisomy 21. This person has a low IQ.
4. Amniocentesis is when you take fluid from a pregnant woman and do a karyotype to determine if
the unborn baby has a genetic disease.
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F. How do we predict inheritance or show patterns of inheritance
1. Use Punnetts square
Scenario--When Tall is Dominant to short
If a Heterozygous Tall plant is mated (crossed) with a Pure Tall plant
T
T
T
T T TT
PHENOTYPE
(phenotypic ratio)
100% Tall
0% Short
GENOTYPE
(genotypic ratio)
TT 50%
Tt 50%
tt 0%
t T t Tt
Scenario--Blue is dominant to yellow. A hybrid blue (Bb) is mated with a yellow (bb).
b
PHENOTYPE
(phenotypic ratio)
50% blue
50% yellow
GENOTYPE
(genotypic ratio)
BB 0%
Bb 50%
bb 50%
b
B
Bb
Bb
b
b b
b b
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2. Use Pedigree (family tree)----A pedigree is a family tree to show how a family inherits their trait.
A. How do you read a pedigree?
i. A ____________
represents is a female.
ii. A _______________
represents a male.
iii. A “T-shaped line” represents a male and female that had children together (parents).
The “T” touches the SIDE of the square and circle
parents
siblings
The “
-shaped line” represents siblings.
This “
-shaped line” touches the TOP of the square and circle.
iv. If the circle or square is ________________ (
trait or disease.
or
), then that female or male the
v. Heterozygous individuals ( aka ____________ or ______________) be a _________-colored
OR uncolored
.
Another EXAMPLE of a PEDIGREE
Aa
vi. P generation= parents
F1 generation= kids
F2 generation= grandkids
vii. ACTIVITY-----Draw YOUR family pedigree
aa
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B. Figuring out the TYPES of inheritance PATTERNS
i. If the trait is in EVERY generation then it is a __________________________ TRAIT.
Aa
Aa
Autosomal Dominant
aa
A?
aa
Aa
ii. If the trait is in only a __________ people and its in MALES & FEMALES then it is a
___________________ TRAIT.
AA
aa
Aa
Autosomal Recessive
Aa
A?
iii. It is in only a ________ people and they are MOSTLY BOYS then it is
_____________________ RECESSIVE TRAIT.
XHXh
XHY
XHXh
XhY
Sex-linked recessive
XHY
XhY
XHXH
XH?
XhY
XHY
XHXH
XHY
XHXH
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PART 4
GENETICS NOTES—CH 10-13
Biotechnology—aka __________________________________---manipulating the
_________________________ of organisms to produce ____________________ results.
Examples of using BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Human _____________________________Project- a project that decoded all of the
__________________ bases (AGCT’s) in our human ________________.
a. The purpose of this was to help us locate _______________________________________ in our
DNA and to perhaps one day find a cure.
b. It could also result in ____________________________ babies. In other words, parents would
be able to choose the traits they wanted their child to have.
c. Linkage map=a _______________________________________ that shows the relative
locations of __________________________ on a chromosome
Human genome project video- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuUpnAz5y1g
2. DNA __________________________ aka Gel _______________________________:
a. To do DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)
i. FIRST, ________________ up (___________________) our DNA using
____________________________
_________________________.
ii. THEN, run it through a _____________ to get a band _______________ of DNA.
iii. On the gel the _______________ & _____________________ pieces of DNA are at the
_____________________ (END) of the gel
and the _________________ & _________________________ pieces of DNA are at the
________________ (BEGINNING) of the gel.
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b. Uses of DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)-----can be used to identify
________________.
i. This can be used to find a _________________- DNA bands must match
________________.
Suspect B did it
ii. This can also be done to find ___________________________a. the ___________________ the patterns the ___________________ the relative
iii. This can be used to find the _______________________of a persona. the child can ____________________ have bands that the mother or father has.
Larry you are the Father!
ONLINE ACTIVITIES

Gel Electrophoresis Virtual Lab

Takes a Lickin
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sheppard/lab01.html
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3. Making Transgenic organisms: aka GMO’s or ___________________________________________
organisms that have foreign DNA (recombinant DNA) inserted into their DNA by scientists
a. To make transgenic organisms
i. FIRST, __________ _________ the DNA from one organism with
__________________enzymes
ii. THEN, put it into a
_____________ organism. This is
genetic engineering.
iii. __________________ DNA has
been put into Cows and Bacteria
so that they both now make
____________ _______
iv.
This could be dangerous because
it could result in
a loss of ___________________,
could create a _____________ and
dangerous _____________
OR could cause ______________
______________________to the
pesticides now in our crops.
b. VOCABULARY
i. Recombinant DNA=_______________________________ of DNA from different
sources that are connected ________________
ii. Vector=the WAY that the recombinant DNA is carried into the transgenic organism.
There are TWO types of vectors: Mechanical and Biological
a. Mechanical =nonliving instruments such as ________________________
or microscopic _____________________
b. Biological=”living” sources such as ________________ or
____________
iii. Sticky ends=the ends of the foreign DNA that match with the organisms’s normal DNA
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4. Cloning- making an identical individual
i. Cloning is done by placing a nucleus of a ________________ cell is into an _________..
ii. This allows scientists to make _____________________________ copies of an organism
_____________________________.
iii. The first clone was DOLLY, a sheep.
iv. Cloning allow us to bring back __________________________or
_____________________________ organisms.
Cloning interactive activity
http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/content/biot09.sci.life.gen.cloning/
5. GENE Therapy- replacing “DISEASED” DNA in a person
i. Using a virus vector, pieces of “good” DNA is used to _________________________ a
piece of “ defective, or bad” DNA to cure someone of a __________________________
disease like ____________________________________ or
___________________________ cell.
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6. Stem Cells- these are cells that can become __________________________ of cell in the body.
i. They do not yet have a job aka ________________________________ _____________
ii. This could help _____________ diseases but are controversial because they come from
embryos.
iii. The diagram to the BELOW shows how stem cells can develop into many ______________ of
___________________________ cells.
iv. What are some of the potential benefits that could come from the growing of stem cells in a
laboratory?
v. What are some of the ethical issues surrounding the collection and use of stem cells?
Watch the videos
http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/content/#taxonomy=Science%2
53A%253ALife+Science%253A%253AGenetics+and+Heredity%253A%253AGenetic+En
gineering&page=1&per_page=20
 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/stemcells_scnt.html