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Transcription in Detail Three main phases: 1. ______________2. ________________3. ______________ The Three Phases: Initiation Transcription commences when ____________________ binds to the DNA molecule It binds ______________________of the gene to be transcribed Upstream region is known as the _________________________ Promotor has a string of ________________________ The 2 H bonds between A-T are ___________________________________ Elongation mRNA is built in the __________________________direction DNA strand used is called the ________________________________ Strand not used is called the _________________________ Termination RNA polymerase recognizes the end of the gene when it comes across a _______________________________ and __________________ disassociates Posttranscriptional Modifications Occurs in _______________________________ only Called ________________________________________ 5’ is added to the start of the primary transcript, it consists of __________________ The cap ______________ mRNA from ____________ by nucleases and phosphatases 200 _______________ ribonucleotides are added to the 3’ end by enzyme poly-Apolymerase called _______________________ Introns Introns are removed: _____________________________________ If introns are not removed protein will not _____________________________ Introns are removed by _____________________________who cut out the introns and join the remaining _______________________________________________ mRNA Transcript Therefore the primary transcript is ______________, tailed and ___________ excised – now it is called___________________________________. Unlike DNA there is no_____________________________, but if an error is made during transcription the protein is susceptible to degradation once it is synthesized. The correct copies made adequate amounts of the protein. Translation in Detail mRNA leaves the _______________and enters the ___________________ ________________________bind to the mRNA recognizing the 5’ cap in eukaroytes This is _______________________of translation. Ribosome The ribosome consists of_______________________: A large subunit of ______ and a small subunit of __________ The S refers to the rate at which various components ___________when centrifuged The two subunits ________ to the mRNA, _____________ the mRNA between them. Reading Frame The ribosome moves along the mRNA in the ___________________direction. The ribosome reads the mRNA coding sequence, in _____________of nucleotides The phase of reading the mRNA is calling the ______________________ Positioning is ____________________, because reading frame can _________depending on the base pair from which the ribosome________________. Transfer RNA (tRNA) The correct amino acids must be _________________to the polypeptide-building site. _______________________delivers the amino acids It is a small single-stranded nucleic acid whose structure resembles a _____________ At one _____ of tRNA a sequence of three bases (the ______________) recognizes the codon of the mRNA The ___________________ arm carries the corresponding__________________. Wobble Hypothesis tRNa can bind to mRNA even if its _________________in its anticodon is different - this provides _____________________eg. AUA still binds to UAC _____________________ tRNA carries amino acid _____________________ tRNA lacks an amino acid _____________ that adds the appropriate amino acid is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (20 different enzymes) Acceptor Sites Ribosome has _________________________for tRNA: 1. ____ acceptor site - where tRNA brings an ________________ 2. ____ peptide site - where _______________________ are formed The first tRNA that is brought into the P site carries _________________ because the start code is ____________. The second tRNA enters the _________ site A ____________________ bond forms between methionine and alanine. The ribosome ________________________the mRNA and adds another amino acid Process is repeated until __________________________________is reached Complex is dismantled and ________________________________is released. Stop Codons There are three stop codons ___________________________________ A protein known as _____________________________aids in the release of the polypeptide chain Review 1. When does transcription commence? 2. What is the promotor? 3. What is the DNA strand that is used called? 4. What are two post transcriptional modifications made to primary transcript of mRNA? 5. How is the mRNA held by the ribosome? 6. Why is the reading frame important? 7. What is the name of the 3 bases that hold the amino acid to the tRNA? 8. What is the start codon on the mRNA? 9. What happens at the P site? 10. What is a stop codon?