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Chapter 6.3 Notes Enzymes I. Chemical Reactions A. When bonds are broken and reformed to make different substances. II. Chemical Reactions of Life A. building molecules = ____Synthesis__________ B. III. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 breaking down molecules ___Digestion_____ What is Needed to Start a Chemical Reaction? Activation Energy Energy Absorbed Making Chemical Bonds = Storing energy Breaking Chemical Bonds= Releasing energy reactant Energy Released IV. In the chemical equation below, put a BOX around the product and CIRCLE the reactants products Nothing Works Without Enzymes A. all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules __synthesis enzymes_______ breaking down molecules = __digestive enzymes______ What do you think an advantage would be to lowering activation energy for chemical reactions within an organism? Reactions would happen faster, like digestion, more efficient, faster release of nutrients/energy B. enzymes speed up reactions = _ catalysts____ C. Digestion Reaction Is the __breakdown____ of a complex molecule into simpler substances These reactions __RELEASE energy____ After digestion reaction, did the enzyme change or get used up? NO D. Synthesis Reaction The _combining___ of simple molecules into a more complex ones V. This reaction _builds new molecules and/or STORES energy___ Enzymes Are Proteins, and each enzyme is the specific helper to a specific reaction After synthesis reaction, did the enzyme change or get used up? NO A. Each enzyme needs __to be the right shape for the job__ B. Enzymes are named for the reaction they help i. __Sucrase__breaks down sucrose ii. proteases breakdown _proteins___ The ending –ase tells you that something is an _____. enzyme iii. lipases breakdown __lipids____ iv. DNA polymerase builds __DNA____ What is the monomer of a protein? Amino acids VI. Enzymes Aren’t Used Up ** Enzymes __are NOT changed by the reaction____ A. __Used only temporary___ B. C. Re-used__ again for the same reaction with other molecules Very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions VII. Lock & Key Theory VIII. A. _Shape of protein__ allows enzyme & substrate to fit What two factors are most likely to affect enzyme activity? B. Temperature & pH __Specific enzyme for each specific reaction____ Temperature and the Effect on Rates of Enzyme Activity A. __Optimum temperature___ i. greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate ii. human enzymes = 35°- 40°C (_body temp = 37 ̊ C_) B. Raise temperature (boiling) i. _Denature protein = unfold = lose shape C. Lower temperature i. molecules move _slower_ ii. fewer collisions between enzyme & substrate Why is running a high fever so dangerous? High fever can begin to denature proteins and enzymes in body. Could lead to organ failure, blindness, death, etc. Explain what you think would happen if pepsin was put in an environment with a pH of 8? Pepsin would not work or not work as well due to being out of its ideal environment. IX. pH and the effect on rates of enzyme activity A. changes in pH changes = ___changes protein shape_____ B. most human enzymes = _pH 6-8____ i. depends on where in body ii. pepsin (stomach) = __pH 3___ Enzyme Vocabulary iii. trypsin (small intestines) = _ph 8__ EnzymeHelper protein that lowers activation energy for chemical reactions SubstrateMolecule that an enzyme acts on *enzymes are specific X. Denature A. When enzymes are exposed to _extreme pH or high temperatures, they can___ ProductsWhat enzymes help to produce at the end of chemical reaction __denature______. B. When denatured, an enzyme will ___no longer function _ _, due to a change __in enzyme structure____. Active SitePlace on the enzyme where substrate can attach