* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download history of psychology
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
International psychology wikipedia , lookup
Thin-slicing wikipedia , lookup
Cyberpsychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Gestalt psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Operant conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Political psychology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Subfields of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Cross-cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
History of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Freud's psychoanalytic theories wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Greece: 428 – 348 BC Socrates: Introspection Look inside/within to learn more about the self, feelings and thoughts. ____________________________________________________________________ Aristotle: More scientific approach. “Human behavior is governed by certain universal rules and laws. Ex. We are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain. _____________________________________________________ Origin of Psychological Problems: Greeks attributed to “supernatural forces” Punishment by the gods. Hippocrates: Greek Physician. Said that behavioral problems were caused by brain abnormalities. Ahead of his time. _____________________________________________________ Middle Ages: Europeans felt possession by demons caused abnormal behavior. Punishment by God for sins and deals made with the devil. Water Float Test: If sink, innocent (but drown and die) If float, impure and float. Then executed. _____________________________________________________ Modern Science and Psychology: 1500’s – 1700’s 1700: John Locke said that knowledge is learned and not innate. Scientific approach to behavior lead to the modernization of psychology in the1800’s. ** Human behavior and mental processes must be evidenced** Psych.Labs: late 1800’s _____________________________________________________ Wilhelm Wundt: German. Established the first Psych. Lab. School of Structuralism. The Father of Psychology Break down conscious experience into two parts: 1. We can objectively observe our sensations through our senses and the environment. 2. Through introspection, we can figure out our subjective feelings through our emotional responses and mental images. Examine and measure one’s own thoughts and mental activities. Example: Place and object in one’s hand and explain everything you are sensing about it. Every experience can be broken down into individual emotions and sensations. Used introspection on thoughts as well. Died out by early 1900’s Edward Titchener: one of Wundt’s students: Cornell University; Ithaca, NY. Also a structuralist. ___________________________________________________ J. Stanley Hall in United States: founded first Psych Lab in the U.S. Taught first Psychology classes in America at Harvard. Wrote Principles of Psychology textbook 1890. Functionalism: Our experiences are fluid, not broken down. There is a relationship between our experiences and our behavior. a. Mental processes help us adapt to our environment. b. We apply these processes to all of our activities. Focus is on the function of our behavior and mental processes. How does the mind help us function in everyday life. Since our behavior is purpose driven, it is learned. Roots in Darwinism; natural selection. Our behavioral traits help us to survive. We now see more in educational and organizational psychology today. ___________________________________________________ Behaviorism: John B. Watson He placed little credence in the unconscious because it was not observable. There must be observable and measurable behavior to be scientific. “Scientific Inquiry” Little Albert and Classical Conditioning Phobias: Fear is learned All behavior is the result of a stimulus / response relationship B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement: Reinforcements = Rewards. When we are rewarded for a behavior, it is more likely that it will occur again Ivan Pavlov: Russian physiologist / gastroenterology Dogs > Food> Tone > Salivate Gestalt: Max Wertheimer / Kurt Kofka / Wolfgang Kohler Gestalt means “an organized whole” Perception is key. Context affects everything. What we perceive is based on the context in which we find “it”. We can only understand perception as a “whole” of the entire concepts or event. Not in parts and pieces. “Gestalt” means shape or form in German. Thus, our perceptions are more than just the sums of parts. It is the whole shape, the whole form that gives the “parts” their meaning. Learning occurs because of insight. Basically, we reorganize our perceptions of things to help us solve problems. An “Ah Hah” moment; the Light Bulb goes off the instant those pieces connect. Cognitive Psychology uses Gestalt principles. Thought processes, memory, learning and problem solving all work together as a whole to create the perception. Psychoanalysis and Freud: (1856 - 1939) Viennese Physician (Austrian Neurologist) Psychoanalysis emphasizes the importance of our unconscious motives AND internal conflicts. This is what determines our behavior. Ex. “Slip of the tongue” and “dream analysis” related to Freud. Patient Consultations constitute the research done by Freud and psychoanalysis. This is a type of psychotherapy in which a trained psychotherapist helps the patient gain insight into and change their unwanted behaviors. Conflict between our socially unacceptable sexual and aggressive urges AND our desire to be good and appropriate. Freud attempted to determine the “conflict” and find alternative, acceptable ways to fulfill these urges and needs. Worked with patients having physical symptoms (abnormal behaviors) with no organic cause. Therefore, the unconscious, the place we banish our undesirable, unacceptable and threatening urges and desires to, harbors all until these urges try to surface in the form of “nervous disorders”. Hysteria Freud believed that our personality and any future psychological problems formed during our first 6-10 years of life (psycho-sexual Personality Development) His followers were Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Anna Freud.