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Valerie Friend, Hailey Swanson, Brittany Grant, Erin Weiger, and Hannah Quiggle
Mr. Koch, Hour 1
Famous psychologists- Group #5
PERSONALITY
-Alfred Adler
Adler maintained that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority deriving from
restrictions on the individual's need for self assertion.
Best piece of work is called The Practice and Theory of Indivual Pyschology in the year of 1923.
He believed that a single drive behind our behavior, claiming the desire we have to fulfill our
potential becomes closer and closer to our ideas. Adler believed that no one theory applied to all
individuals but had four aspects of what he based people on. These were; the development of
personality, striving toward superiority, psychological health, and unity of personality. Believed
conscious and unconscious worked with each other.
Terms derived from him: inferiority complex; feeling of self worth.
-Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura focuses on the acquisition of behaviors. He believes that people acquire behaviors
through the observation of others, then imitate what they have observed. Worked on social
cognitive theory, and social learning theory.
Bandura has conducted many studies involving observational learning, or modeling. Terms
derived from him;
Attention
Retention
3) Reproduction
4) Motivation
5)Self observation
6)Judgment
7)Self response
-Paul Costa/Robert McCrae
Created the "the big five." The big five, are five factors of personality that are most widely used
today. By using factor analysis from collected research they discovered these five dimensions.
• Openness - open-minded, an interest in art, emotional, adventurous, new ideas and curiosity.
• Conscientiousness - typically self-disciplined, result oriented and structured, tradition and
dutiful.
• Extraversion - high energy level, people person, extrovert and gets stimulated by being
around others.
• Agreeableness - compassionate, cooperative, ability to forgive and being pragmatic, lets get
the thing done.
• Neuroticism - sensible, vulnerable, in extreme: emotional unstable and neurotic.
-Sigmund Freud
Most knowledgeable guy of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects
of personality. According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden in the
unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the tip of the iceberg
which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden.
Terms; ego, superego, id
Freud placed great importance on the early years of a child as he believed that what we are as
adults is determined by childhood experiences. Freud called these early years of development the
psychosexual years of development. These early years proceed through a number of stages.
Each child undergoes the different stages. These stages are the oral stage, the anal stage (
second year), phallic stage (third through fifth year), a period of latency (from 6 to 12), and the
genital stage (after puberty). Freud believed that as every child passes through these stages
there might be a likely possibility that a child may spend more time in a particular stage then
they aught to. This condition can lead to a fixation or an incomplete development of the
personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and
Electra conflicts.
-Carl Jung
Based his theories on extraverted and introverted personalities-"analytical psychology". Jungian
therapy deals with dreams and fantasies. A discussion is set up between the conscious and the
contents of the unconscious. When the therapy works the patient enters an individuation
process.
-Abraham Maslow
Mostly human motivation and self-actualization. He desired a theory that would include both the
positive and negative aspects of human dispositions. Maslow hoped that humanistic psychology
would be the answer to this problem. He hypothesized that the holistic-analytic approach to
science could be effective. This approach studies the person as completely thinking and feeling.
-Carl Rogers
Client-centered therapy. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology
and is well known for his theory of personality development. Believed self-actualization was
achieved from unconditional positive regard.
Therapeutic steps:
1. The individual comes for help. This is the most significant step within the steps of therapy. The
individual has taken it upon himself to take the first step for help even if he does not recognize
this as the reason he's there.
2. The helping situation is defined. The client is made aware that the counselor does not have
the answers, but that with assistance he can , work out his own solutions to his problems.
3. The counselor encourages free expression of feelings in regard to the problem. The counselor
provides the client with a friendly, interested, and receptive attitude which helps to bring about
free expression.
4. The counselor accepts, recognizes, and clarifies negative feelings. Whatever the negative
feelings are the counselor must say and do things which helps the client recognize the negative
feelings at hand.
5. When the individual's negative feelings have been expressed they are followed by expressions
of positive impulses which make for growth.
6. The counselor accepts and recognizes the positive feelings in the same manner as the
negative feelings.
7. There is insight, understanding of the self, and acceptance of the self along with possible
courses of actions . This is the next important aspect because it allows for new levels.
8. Then comes the step of positive action along with the decreasing the need for help.
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
-Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth was a developmental psychologist perhaps best-known for her "Strange
Situation" assessment of early childhood attachment. She made many important contributions to
attachment theory and her work has played an important role in our understanding of child
development.
-Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura combines both behavioral and cognitive philosophies to form this theory of
modeling, or observational learning. Bandura says that humans are able to control their behavior
through a process known as self regulation. This process involves three steps:
1) Self observation- Humans look at themselves and their behavior and keep track of their
actions.
2) Judgment- Humans compare these observations with standards. These standards can be rules
set by society, or standards that the individual sets for him or herself.
3) Self response- If, after judging himself or herself, the person does well in comparison with the
set standards, he or she will give him or her- self a rewarding self-response. If the person does
poorly he or she then administers a punishing self-response to him or herself.
Self regulation has been incorporated into self control therapy which has been very successful in
dealing with problems such as smoking.
One of Bandura's more famous experiments dealing with modeling is his study with Bobo dolls.
-Diana Baurmrind
Her parenting styles were based on two aspects of parenting that are found to be extremely
important.
Authoritarian ("Too Hard"): the authoritarian parenting style is characterized by high
demandingness with low responsiveness. The authoritarian parent is rigid, harsh, and
demanding. Abusive parents usually fall in this category (although Baumrind is careful to
emphasize that NOT all authoritarian parents are abusive).
Permissive ("Too Soft"): this parenting style is characterized by low demandingness with high
responsiveness. The permissive parent is overly responsive to the child's demands, seldom
enforcing consistent rules. The "spoiled" child often has permissive parents.
Authoritative ("Just Right"): this parenting style is characterized by moderate demandingness
with moderate responsiveness. The authoritative parent is firm but not rigid, willing to make an
exception when the situation warrants. The authoritative parent is responsive to the child's needs
but not indulgent. Baumrind makes it clear that she favors the authoritative style.
-Erik Erikson
Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages in which humans develop through throughout their
entire life span.
Stages:
-Trust vs. Mistrust
-Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
-Initiative vs. Guilt
-Industry vs. Inferiority
-Identity vs. Identity Confusion
-Intimacy vs. Isolation
Sigmund Freud
Developed terms like; Freudian Slip, Repression, Denial, The Conscious and Unconscious Mind,
The Id, Ego, and Superego, Life and Death Instincts,Psychosexual Development, Defense
Mechanisms, Freudian Slip
Freud and Psychoanalysis:
His ideas had such a strong impact on psychology that an entire school of thought emerged from
his work. While it was eventually replaced by the rise of behaviorism, psychoanalysis had a
lasting impact on both psychology and psychotherapy.
Carol Gilligan
Piagetian Stages of Cognitive Development:
-Birth to age 2
Sensorimotor
Children develop the concept of object permanence and the ability to form mental
representations.
-Age 2 to 7
Preoperational
Children's thought is egocentric; they lack the concept of conversation and the ability to
decenter.
-Age 7 to 11
Concrete Operations
Children can decenter; they acquire the concept of conversion; but they cannot reason abstractly
or test hypotheses systematically.
-Starts at age 11 or 12
Formal Operations
Children begin to reason abstractly.
-Haryy Harlow
In his most famous experiment, infant monkeys were separated from their mothersat six to
twelve hours after birth and were raised instead with substitute or "surrogate" mothers made
either of heavy wire mesh or of wood covered with cloth. Both mothers were the same size, but
the wire mother had no soft surfaces while the other mother was cuddly covered with foam
rubber and soft terry cloth. Both mothers were also warmed by an electric light placed inside
them.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Developed Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development:
-Birth to 9
Preconventional Avoid punishment Gain Reward-Age 9 to 20
ConventionalGain Approval & Avoid Disapproval Duty & Guilt-Age 20+ maybe never
PostconventionalAgreed upon rights, Personal moral standards
-Konrad Lorenz
Discovered imprinting is the primary formation of social bonds in infant animals.
Observing newly hatched ducklings and goslings, he discovered that they behaved in peculiar
ways if they were exposed to abnormal environments during a few critical hours after hatching.
He played with the hatchlings and recorded his observations. Lorenz was impressed by the fact
that a young bird does not instinctively recognize adult members of it's own species but require
this special type of learning.
-Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky is best known for being an educational psychologist with a sociocultural theory. This
theory suggests that social interaction leads to continuous step-by-step changes in children's
thought and behavior that can vary greatly from culture to culture.
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
-Gustavo Fectner
Experimental psychologist, who found psychophysics. He demonstrated the non-linear
relationship between psychological sensation and the physical intensity of a stimulus with formula
"S= K log R" .
-David Hubel and Forsten Weisel
Expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing and established a foundation for visual
neurophysiology.
-Ernst Weber
Experimental psychologist, known for Weber's Law. A principle that, to be perceived as different,
two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
-Albert Ellis
Founder of cognitive- behavioral therapies.Developed the theory that cognition, emotion, and
behavior are intertwined, and that a system for psychotherapy and behavioral change must
involve all three. Second most influential psychotherapist in history. Rational-emotive therapy.
-Sigmund Freud
Founder of psycho-analysis.
Thought human mind is like an iceberg, hidden in the unconscious. Also the development
mechanism. Unconscious factors affect relationships.
-Mary Cover Jones
Developmental psychologists who conducted the Little Peter Study. Where she deconditioned
infants fear of a white rabbit.
-Carl Roger
Father of client-centered therapy. Dedicated self to humanistic psychology. Believes that humans
have one basic motive, the tendency to self actualizes. Believed that for a person to grow they
need positive regard and self worth.
-B.F. Skinner
A radical behaviorist, developed the theory of operant conditioning (behavior is determined by its
consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments. Believed only scientific approach to
psychology was one that studied behaviors. Invented skinner box, where an animal responds
only to the controlled conditions with in the box.
-Joesph Wolpe
Believes that behavior therapy was as much an applied science as any other aspect of medicine.
Known for desensitization and assertiveness training for therapy.
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
-Solomon Asch
Social and Gesalt psychologist who’s famous for his conformity experiments. His experiments
demonstrated the effects of social pressure on conformity.
-Leon Festinger
Social psychologist that’s known for his therapy of cognitive dissonance. According to this theory,
when people’s beliefs don’t match their behaviors, they experience tension or discomfort causing
them to change their attitudes to reduce discomfort.
-Stanley Milgram
Social psychologist who is remembered for his work with obedience to authority. Conducted an
experiment to see at what extend would someone listen to a person in position of authority.
Experiment showed how far would a person follow orders when told to give an electric shock
going up to a 400 volts if answered incorrectly.
HISTORY AND APPROACHES
-Mary Whiton Calkins: Founder of self-psychology, or psychology relating to emotions,
perceptions, association, and consciousness.
-Charles Darwin: Credited with the theory of evolution.
-Dorthea Dix: Was the first to appeal to congress for funding of institutions caring for the
‘insane.’
-Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalytical branch of psychology; developed psychoanalysis,
among other procedures and theories.
-G. Stanley Hall: First president of the American Psychological Association, and was instrumental
in the development and research in educational psychology.
STATES OF CONSCOUSNESS
-William James: Was influential in education psychology and also the psychology of religion and
mysticism.
-Ivan Pavlov: First experimented with and discovered classical conditioning and its principles.
-Jean Piaget: Developed the theory of cognitive development. Known for his work with children
and also educational psychology.
-Carl Rogers: The father of client-centered humanistic approach to therapy, and also of
student-centered education.
-B.F. Skinner: Founder of the school of the experimental analysis of behavior (don’t get him
confused with John B. Watson!), invented the operant conditioning chamber, and is considered to
be the most influential psychologist of the 20th century.
-Margaret Floy Washburn: Best known for her work in animal behavior and motor theory
development.
-John B. Watson: Established the psychological school of behavior.
-Wilhelm Wundt: Founder of the school of experimental psychology.
States of Consciousness
-William James: Given credit to developing the concept of the streams of consciousness theory.
-Sigmund Freud: Theorized that only 10% of our psyche (ego) is visible, while the remaining
90% is unconscious (id and superego). Developed the ‘official’ practice of dream analysis, and his
main practice, psychoanalysis.
-Ernest Hilgard: Most well-known for his research on hypnosis, especially paired with pain
control.
LEARNING
-Albert Bandura: He created the intelligence scale that is used as the basis for most modern
intelligence tests. He did not completely believe his own scale though, he believed that a person’s
score can vary and factors such as motivation can affect a person’s score.
-John Garcia: He studied taste aversion, by doing this he figured out that you can learn
association between taste and nausea even hours after eating.
-Ivan Pavlov: He was a Russian physician/neurophysiologist. He studied digestive secretion and
accidentally discovered classical conditioning, or learning in a situation in which a response is
caused by a certain stimulus because the stimulus was combined for a number of trials with a
stimulus which normally causes the response.
-Robert Rescorla: He was the co-creator of the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning. He also
received the American Psychological Association Award for distinguished scientific contribution in
1986.
-B.F. Skinner: He created the Skinner Box. Creating this box and experiment helped in the
discovery of operant conditioning, where learning is learned from reinforcement and modeling.
-Edward Thorndike: He created the Law of Effect which is the principle that if behaviors are
followed by favorable consequences they are more likely and unfavorable consequences are less
likely.
-Edward Tolman: He showed cognitive maps in rats brains, he discovered latent learning through
those rats, he created the concept of the intervening variable, and he began the support for
using rats as subject use.
-John B. Watson: He viewed psychology as an objective science. He also recommended study of
behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes.
TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
-Alfred Binet: In 1904 the French government appointed him to identify, study, and provide
special education programs for children struggling in school. He designed a test to look for
reasoning, thinking, and problem solving. This test depended on intelligence and also that a
person’s ability would increase with age.
-Francis Galton: He studied human ability in the debate of nature vs. nurture. He was convinced
that superior traits were passed down through heredity.
-Howard Gardner: He attended Harvard University, and created the Multiple Intelligence Theory,
which was the theory that believed that all people possess a number of intellectual potentials,
each of which involves a different skill set. He specifically studied savant syndrome.
-Charles Spearman: He noticed that the scores on almost all of the tests on cognitive ability were
positively correlated. He concluded that if people do well on one intelligence test, that they would
do good on another.
-Robert Sternberg: He attended Tufts University. He decided there were three types of
intelligence. The three types were analytic, or academic problem-solving, creative, or reacting
adaptively to novel situations, and practical, or “street smarts.”
-Louis Terman: He created the Stanford-Binet test. He was a Stanford psychologist who adapted
and revised Binet’s test. The revision added items for adults and it revised the scoring procedure.
He viewed intelligence as fixed inherited entity.
-David Wechsler:
In the late 1930’s he developed new tests to improve on old tests in three key ways
• Both verbal and non-verbal subtests
• Success depended less on having formal schooling
• Each subtest was scored separately
He also created separate versions for adults
Biological Bases of Behavior:
-Paul Broca:
Showed that patients who couldn't speak had a neurosyphilitic lesion in one side of the brain,
exactly where speech is controlled, which is today known as Broca's area. Hypothesized that the
left hemisphere develops more quickly than the right, and so it is more advanced. He also made
important investigations of the limbic region, which is now known to involve human emotions.
Terms related from him: Broca’s Area; Limbic Region
-Charles Darwin:
Wrote Origin of Species, i.e. came up with the idea of natural selection to explain evolutionary
change. This theory posits that each species has certain physical and behavioral characteristics
that vary and are heritable. Although his theory of evolution by natural selection has changed
with the time, it remains the fundamental concept upon which the modern life sciences are
mounted. Darwin realized that each species of today originated from some other life form and he
convinced the world of the mechanisms by which such transitions occur.
Terms realated to him: Natural Selection
-Michael Gazzaniga:
Professor of Psychology and the Director for the SAGE Center for the Study of Mind at the
University of California Santa Barbara. He oversees an extensive and broad research program
investigating how the brain enables the mind. Performed extensive study of patients that have
undergone split-brain surgery that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral
hemispheres.
Terms related to him: lateralization
-Roger Sperry:
Discovered that human beings are of two minds. He found that the human brain has specialized
functions on the right and left, and that the two sides can operate practically independently.
Conducted extensive experiments on an epileptic patient who had had his corpus collusum, the
"bridge" between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, split so that the connection was
severed.
Terms related to him: corpus collusum, split brain
-Carl Wernicke:
The cerebral cortex could be subdivided into a posterior sensory part and an anterior motor part,
both parts being inter-connected by numerous fiber bundles. Motor activity ipso facto was always
accompanied by a simultaneous sensory stimulation and, therefore, the memory-image of motor
activity at the same time was to fixed both in the motor and in the sensory cortex. Discovered
the association fibers between motor and sensory cortices automatically aroused the memoryimages in the associated field when the cerebral cortex is stimulated at one particular site.
Terms related to him: cerebral cortex, sensory cortex, ipso facto (definition: which means that a
certain phenomenon is a direct consequence, a resultant effect, of the action in question.
Cognition:
-Noam Chomsky:
Helped establish a new relationship between linguistics and psychology. Argued that linguistics
should be understood as a part of cognitive psychology. He opposed the traditional learning
theory basis of language acquisition. In Chomsky's view, certain aspects of linguistic knowledge
and ability are the product of a universal innate ability, or "language acquisition device" (LAD),
that enables each normal child to construct a systematic grammar and generate phrases. This
theory claims to account for the fact that children acquire language skills more rapidly than other
abilities, usually mastering most of the basic rules by the age of four. As evidence that an
inherent ability exists to recognize underlying syntactical relationships within a sentence.
Terms related to him: Language Acquisition; Syntax
-Hermann Ebbinghaus:
Developed the first scientific approach to the study of a higher psychological process (memory).
First person to use nonsense syllables in learning and memory research. First to describe the
“learning curve”.
-Wolfgang Kohler:
The gestalt effect is the form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the
visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and
curves.
-Elizabeth Loftus:
professor of psychology and expert researcher on the malleability and reliability of repressed
memories.
-George A. Miller:
Chunking' and the capacity of short term (working) memory. Processing involves gathering and
representing information, or encoding.
Motivation and Emotion:
-William James:
The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that an event triggers a physiological reaction,
which we then interpret. Focused on the wholeness of an event, taking into the impact of the
environment on behavior.
-Alfred Kinsey:
The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale attempts to describe a
person's sexual history or episodes of his or her sexual activity at a given time.
-Abraham Maslow:
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory, Maslow use the terms Physiological, Safety,
Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that
human motivations generally move through.
-Stanley Schachter:
He said emotions have two ingredients: physiological arousal and a cognitive label. A person's
experience of an emotion stems from the mental awareness of the body's physical arousal.
-Hans Seyle:
General adaptation syndrome (GAS, a theory of stress).