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Final Exam Review
 Define
psychology—what is the most credible
association dedicated to psychology?
 Why is psychology called a soft science? What
is the difference between hard and soft
sciences?
 What are schools of psychology? Briefly
summarize the ideas behind the following
schools:

Humanistic, Psychodynamic, Structuralism,
Functionalism, Biological , Gestalt, Behaviorism,
Cognitive, Behavioral
1.
Clinical
A.
2.
Community
B.
3.
Counseling
4.
Developmental
C.
D.
E.
5.
Experimental
6.
Industrial/Organizational
7.
Educational
F.
G.
H.
8.
School
9.
Social
I.
works to overcome
educational difficulties
studies the maturation
process
works with diagnosis and
treatment of disorders
studies any mental
psychological issue
develops and presents
programs to help maintain
mental health
studies how society
influences the individual
works with psychological
issues relating to business
works with people who
exhibit trouble coping with
everyday problems
studies issues related to
how people learn
 Define
the following:
 Independent
Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Hypothesis
 Experimental Group
 Control Group
Try this sample:
 “Mrs. Muller
wanted to test the
effects of caffeine
on human behavior
test scores. She
believes that if
caffeine is given to
a person, their
test scores will be
higher.”

How will she set up
and run her
experiment? What
type of research
study is this?
Clues:
“Yippee! I can’t wait to try it!”
 Define
and give an
example of the
following:
a. Halo Effect
b. Hawthorne Effect
c. John Henry Effect
d. Novelty Effect
 Nature


v Nurture
Briefly define the
debate and explain
why it is
controversial.
How did we learn
about this debate
throughout the
entire semester?

Pull examples from
specific units!
 Milgram’s
experiment:
What were the details
of this experiment?
 Why was it
controversial?
 What did it change in
psychology?

 Define
the
research type:





Experimental
Descriptive
Correlational
Historical
Causal-Comparative
 Describe
a specific
experiment design
that fits into each
of the four areas.
 What
is the
difference
between natural
observation and a
typical
experiment?
Unit TWO: Label the brain parts AND describe the
function of the brain part.
Cerebellum
Corpus Callosum
Pituitary Gland
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Spinal Cord
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Explain all of the
theories of
intelligence we
discussed in class. Be
sure to include the
name of the theorist,
the aspects of
intelligence, and
whether or not you
agree with this
perspective.
 Options:


Describe the lower
extreme of
intelligence in regards
to the four types of
mental retardation.
What are the four
categories and what
defines each in
regards to IQ levels
and functioning
abilities? What three
criteria must be met
for one to be
diagnosed with
mental retardation?






Spearman
Sternberg
R.B. Cattell
Thurstone
Guilford
Gardner
 Name
each of the
seven “sins” of
memory to define.
After you define
the “sins” be sure
to use an example
of how it affects
memory. (finish
quickly—try them
all!)
 Define
and give
examples:
State-Dependent
Memory Effect
 Context-Dependent
Memory Effect

Clues— here are the names of the sins:
Persistence, Blocking, Transience, Absentmindedness, Bias,
Misattribution, Suggestibility
Defend and discuss this
statement:

Discuss the following:
 What is thinking?
 What are the three
types of thinking we
discussed in class?
As per our discussion on
Daniel Pink’s novel A
Whole New Mind, it was
concluded that Left brain
functioning is important
but no longer sufficient
to compete in our
challenging and changing
world.
What is the difference
between right and left
brain capabilities? Name
examples of the
characteristics of each
side.
 Who
was Phineas
Gage and what did
his study conclude
about frontal lobe
brain study?
 Why is this study
important? What
real-life examples
did we discuss?
 What
are
reliability and
validity in regards
to:


Running an
experiment?
Intelligence testing?
Answers should include: five senses, three ways to encode into STM,
2 theories on forgetting, 2 ways of rehearsal, 3 ways to encode into
LTM, retrieval from the three filing cabinets.
 Describe
Operant
Conditioning
including:




Reinforcer
Positive Reinforcer
Negative Reinforcer
Punishment
 Describe
classical
conditioning
including:




US
UR
CS
CR
 Use
the Pavlov’s
Dogs experiment
to put it all
together!

“Whenever you lie in
your bed, you
normally fall asleep
very quickly, more
quickly than you
would on the couch.
One week, you
experience a lot of
stress, and instead of
falling asleep, you lie
awake several nights
in a row. Now,
although the stress is
gone, you have
difficulty sleeping in
your bed.”

Define the following
in regards to the
example scenario.
 US:
 UR:
 CS:
 CR:
 Phases

Define the following specifically in
terms of classical conditioning
learning—what is happening at each
stage?





of Learning
Acquisition Phase
Extinction Phase
Spontaneous Recovery
Reconditioning
Can you draw the phases of learning
chart?
Define the following:
 Stimulus
Generalization
 Stimulus
Discrimination
 Taste Aversion
(Garcia Effect)
 Phobias
 How
could you
describe the
difference between
generalization and
discrimination in this
case?
CS: Large Black Dog
CR: Fear

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
For each of the following explain if it is positive
reinforcement, negative reinforcement or a punishment and
WHY!
Police pulling drivers over and giving prizes for buckling up.
Suspending a baseball player for hitting a ref after a bad call.
An inmate is allowed extra TV time after completing all of his
assigned duties well.
Teacher holds a student during lunch until they complete their
homework.
A cat presses a lever to open a door to get out of the puzzle
box.
A mother smiles when their child utters “MAMA”.
Taking cough medicine to stop a cough.
A child is put into “time out” for talking back.
A driver is given a ticket for running a red light.
You get a zero for cheating.
You get an A on your final!!
 Examples:
 Define
the following
schedules of
reinforcement:
Fixed ratio
 Variable ratio
 Fixed interval
 Variable interval

 What
is the
difference between
a ratio and an
interval?
Which
schedule of
reinforcement is
described below?
1. Getting a pay
check every other
week.
2. Pop quizzes
3. Slot machines at
gambling casinos
4. A worker receives
$1 for every 100
envelopes stuffed
 What
 Review
Piaget’s
theory of child
development. Do
you remember the
stages listed
below?




Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Operational
Formal operations
is
temperament? The
difference
between:


Easy and difficult
infants?
Secure and insecure
attachments?
 What
 Review
Birth Order
and Personality
(reading from
packet) How does
this tie into the
nature v nurture
debate?
Permissive
are the three
types of parenting
styles (on the
spectrum) and
what are the
positives and
negatives of each?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
 Trait
 Recall
the major
theories of
personality listed
to the right.
 Do you remember
the basics of each
one?
Theory
 Social-Cognitive
Theory
 Humanistic
Theory
 Psychodynamic
Theory
 What
are the
positives and
negatives to
Gordon Allport’s
Trait Theory and
OCEAN test?
 What
is the
difference
between:
Cardinal Trait
 Central Trait
 Secondary Trait

Give an example of a historical figure who lived
his/her life by a cardinal trait. Other examples?


What are the
foundations of Freud’s
theory of personality?

Focus on three main
beliefs of Freud and his
followers!
What is the
significance of this
iceberg?
 What
is “free
association?” How
does it relate to
psychoanalysis?
 How
do the
following terms
relate to the
iceberg theory?



Morality Principle
Pleasure Principle
Reality Principle
 What
are the
psychosexual
stages and how do
they connect to
psychoanalysis?
 What
are the
defense
mechanisms and
how do they relate
to psychoanalysis?
Does it seem like I am really reviewing
Freud and Psychoanalysis? Good
observation. Maybe there is a reason…
 Who
are the NeoFreudians and how
do they differ from
Freud?
 Compare
and
contrast Freud’s
psychosexual
stages with
Erikson’s
psychosocial
stages
 What’s
the Humanistic
Theory all about?
 Don’t forget about Carl
Rodgers and Abraham
Maslow
 Describe
 What
are the
major differences
between normal
and abnormal
behavior?

Specific criteria we
discussed in class!
Look in your
abnormal psych
mini-packet if you
forget.
the
changes in
treatment of
the mentally ill
from the 1800s
to present day.

Don’t forget
about good old
Nelly Bly!
 What
 What
is the purpose
of the DSM and who
approves of the
published updates?
similarities did
we find in the
diagnosis of mental
disorders? Think of
the types of criteria
found within the
DSM of multiple
disorders…
HINT: one possible
answer could be:
evidence of
social and occupational
dysfunction.

 What
is sociology?
 What are the
possible careers
for a person
interested in
sociology?
 How
does
sociology differ
from psychology?
 What other “soft
science” field is
similar to
sociology? (it
studies specific
cultures)
 What


is culture?
Difference between
culture and society?
Material v
Nonmaterial culture
 Identify
and give
examples of the
following:
Norms
 Folkways
 Mores
 Laws
 Cultural Universals
 Ethnocentrism

 What
is cultural
anthropology?
 Describe Margaret
Mead’s case study
of the Arapesh and
Mundugamor
peoples…
How does this
study relate to
the nature v
nurture debate?
 Describe
 What
are the 5
agents of
socialization?
 Define:



Socialization
Resocialization
Total Institution
the case
of “Genie the Wild
Child” and how it
relates to both
socialization AND
the nature vs.
nurture debate.
 What
is collective
behavior and list
the collectivities
we discussed in
class.
 Why
is collective
behavior hard to
study?
are social
movements
different than
collective
behavior?
Your task: Take
each of the social
movements below
and describe
which type of
social movement it
is/was:
 How




Women’s Movement
Revolutionary War
1960s Peace
Movement
The Religious Right
(Roe v. Wade – A
women’s right to
privacy)
 Do
you know your
theories?
 What
is deviance?
What two things
must occur for an
action to be
labeled as
deviance?





CulturalTransmission
Structural Strain
Control
Conflict
Labeling
What social functions come from
deviance?
 What
are the
characteristics of
cults as discussed
in class?
 How does a cult
differ from a
religion?
 What tactics do
cults often use to
“suck people in?”
 Work
on essay
questions 6 and 7.
 Jeopardy
review
sheets to complete
with a partner…