* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 1 Lecture Notes Module 1 – The Story of Psychology What
Forensic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Operant conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship wikipedia , lookup
Cyberpsychology wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary psychology wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Occupational health psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Psychological injury wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Gestalt psychology wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Process-oriented psychology wikipedia , lookup
Index of psychology articles wikipedia , lookup
Indigenous psychology wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Political psychology wikipedia , lookup
Humanistic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical psychology wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
International psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cross-cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Subfields of psychology wikipedia , lookup
PSY 101 – Dr. V Chapter 1 Lecture Notes Module 1 – The Story of Psychology What is Psychology? • • Psychology - ____________________________________________________________________ • Behavior - outward or overt actions and reactions. • Mental processes - internal, covert activity of our minds. Psychology is a science • Prevent possible biases from leading to faulty observations • Precise and careful measurement Psychology’s Four Goals 1. ____________________ • What is happening? – through observation 2. ____________________ • Why is it happening? • Theory - general explanation of a set of observations or facts 3. ____________________ • Will it happen again? 4. ____________________ – this is not “brainwashing” • How can it be changed? • Desirable to Undesirable Psychology’s Biggest Question • • Nature vs. Nurture – the controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience • i.e., ____________________________________________________________________ • Plato/Descartes – biology • Aristotle/Locke – environment (blank slate – tabula rasa) Natural Selection – ______________________________________________________________ • From among chance variations, nature selects the traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Psychology’s Roots • ________________ - a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. 1 PSY 101 – Dr. V 2 Structuralism • Structuralism - __________________________________________________________________ • _____________________ – “father of psychology” • • • • First true experimental laboratory in psychology (Germany 1879) Edward Titchener – Wundt’s student • Brought structuralism to America. • _______________________________ – process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities (broken down into fundamental elements) Margaret Washburn – Titchener’s student • First woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. • Published “The Animal Mind” Structuralism died out in early 1900s. Functionalism • Functionalism - _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ • • A reaction to structuralism (consciousness cannot be studied) William James • Influenced by Charles Darwin’s “natural selection” • Physical traits that help an animal adapt to its environment and survive are passed on to its offspring • Published _________________________________ – considered first textbook of psychology • Mary Calkins, James’ student, became the APA’s first female president (1905); denied Ph.D. from Harvard due to being a woman Gestalt Psychology • Gestalt – “__________________” psychology. • Wertheimer – studied sensation and perception. • Perceiving and sensing cannot be broken down into small elements and still be properly understood • Important Gestalt quote: “___________________________________________ ___________________________________” • Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of cognitive psychology, a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving. • Gestalt Therapy PSY 101 – Dr. V Psychoanalysis • Psychoanalysis = Sigmund Freud • • • Freud was a medical doctor – a neurologist (nervous system) Freud’s patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause. • Note context of the time: late 1800’s to early 1900’s (“Victorian Age”) – intense sexual repression (mostly women clients) • Freud proposed that there is an ______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ • He believed that these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders – i.e,. “hysteria” • Freud stressed the importance of ________________________________ – especially the _________________________ Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic Therapy Behaviorism • Behaviorism - the science of behavior that ___________________________________________ • • Must be directly seen and measured – “______________________” is not a factor John B. Watson – ___________________________ • Based much from work of Ivan Pavlov who demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned (i.e., learned). • Watson believed that phobias were learned. • • Mary Carver Jones – Watson’s student • • Case of “Little Albert” – taught to fear a white rat through generalization Case of “Little Peter” – repeated Watson’s study (with a white rabbit) but actually “canceled out” the phobic reaction through counterconditioning Behavior & Cognitive Therapy (Cognitive-Behavioral) Seven Modern Perspectives 1. Psychodynamic perspective - modern version of psychoanalysis. • More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior than sexual motivations. 2. Behavioral perspective – B. F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior. • Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth century. • Skinner introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. • Behavioral responses followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened 3 PSY 101 – Dr. V 4 3. Humanistic perspective – the “third force” • Reaction to psychodynamic theory and behaviorism • Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy. • Humanists held the view that people have free will, the freedom to choose their own destiny. • Early founders: • • Abraham Maslow • Carl Rogers Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be. • Self-actualization - _________________________________________________ • Hierarchy of Needs 4. Biopsychological perspective - attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system. 5. Cognitive perspective - focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning. ”Cognitive Revolution” (1960s) – shift in research and therapy for human behavior; now known as _____________________________________ 6. Sociocultural perspective - focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture. 7. Evolutionary perspective - focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. • Looks at the way the mind works and why it works as it does. • Behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis: The Biopsychosocial Approach PSY 101 – Dr. V Psychological Associations & Societies • The _______________________________ is the largest organization of psychology with 160,000 members world-wide, followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members Types of Psychological Professionals • Psychiatrist - a ______________________ who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders; prescribes medications • Psychoanalyst - either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis. • Psychiatric social worker - a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse; can also do counseling (e.g., LCSW) • Types of Psychological Professionals • Psychologist - a professional with an _______________________ and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. • • Can do counseling, teaching, and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology. • Cannot prescribe medications – however, there are now some exceptions in some states for certain disorders • Areas of specialization in psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, social, and personality, among others. Mental Health Counselor – similar training to a psychologist but less focus on academic (more applied), can be less specialized, and some limitations depending on state (e.g., minimal role in assessment , diagnostic reports) (e.g., LMHC) 5