Download Cellular, Element, and Molecular Building Blocks of Living Systems

Cellular, Element, and Molecular
Building Blocks of Living Systems
Mohamed Bingabr, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Engineering and Physics
University of Central Oklahoma
BME and Cells
• Cells are the building blocks of living systems.
• BME application in the Cellular level
– Nerve Cell Stimulation
– Genetic Therapy
– Tissue Engineering
– Nanomedicine
– Protein Synthesis and Detection
BME and Chemistry
• Why should biomedical engineers understand
chemistry?
- Manipulate molecules to create new tools and solve
problems
- Synthesize lipid molecules into liposomes to carry
anticancer drug and gene therapy.
- Better understanding of molecules interaction.
- Properties of proteins that form plaque (Alzheimer’s
disease)
Molecular Composition of a Cell
• 70% water
• The remaining 30% water-free basis
– 50% by weight Carbon
– 14% Nitrogen
– 4% Phosphorous
– Others
• Protein and Amino Acids
– 60% of water-free mass
Chemical Bonding (1)
• Bonding between atoms and molecules
– Atomic Bonding
– Molecular Bonding
• Atomic Bonding
• Ionic Bonds: electron transferred from one
atom to another (Na+ Cl-)
• Covalent Bonds: result from the sharing of
one electrons (H2)
Chemical Bonding (2)
• Molecular Bonding: occur between molecules
and weaker than covalent bonding.
• Hydrogen Bonding: Partially positive hydrogen
atom in a polar molecule is attracted to a slightly
negative atom (O, N, or F)
• van der Waals interactions: Temporary and
unequal electron distributions around atoms.
Chemical Bonding (3)
• Chemical bonding forms a three-dimensional
active protein molecule from a long
macromolecule of amino acids.
Biochemical Energy
Food
Macromolecules
Glycogen
Adenosine
Triphosphate
ATP
• Hydrolysis: a chemical reaction in which water is a
reactant and energy is realized.
ATP
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
Macromolecules
Polymers: Large molecules formed by the
bonding of many smaller chemicals, called
monomers.
Polyethylene Macromolecules
Sizes of Macromolecules
Polymers of Biological Importance
• Polysaccharides
• Composed of small sugars called
monosaccharides
• Nucleic Acids
• Composed of nucleotides
• Protein
• Composed of amino acids
• Lipids
Polysaccharides Source of Energy
Polysaccharides Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
• Polymers of nucleotides
• Provide a mechanism for storage of genetic
information.
Organic Bases in DNA
Adenine Base (A)
Guanine Base (G)
Thymine Base (T)
Cytosine Base (C)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Function of DNA:
• Contains all the instructions for
producing every molecule currently in
the cell (protein).
•
• Could have some future use if
environmental conditions change or
differentiation occurs.
Proteins
Proteins are the working molecules of cells, performing
thousands of functions that are essential for the life of
the cell and the organism.
Protein Functions:
• Structure components of cells and tissues
• Channels for transport molecules through biological
barriers
• Elements in communication systems
• Recognition elements in the defense against
infection
• Chemical catalysts (Enzyme)
• Muscle Contraction
Muscle Contraction
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of about 20 amino acids (the
monomer).
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/pro
tein.htm
Amino Acids
Essential (needed in diet)
Nonessential (made in body)
Isoleucine
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartate
Lysine
Cysteine
Methionine
Glutamate
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Threonine
Glycine
Tryptophan
Proline
Valine
Serine
Histidine
Asparagine
Tyrosine
Leucine
Proteins Productions
Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide
chain. Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids.
Proteins Productions
Home Pregnancy Test
• Purify proteins
• Immobilize proteins to synthetic materials (test strips)
• Proteins in test strips change color if certain
hormones related to pregnancy are present in the
urine.
Lipid
Fairly large molecules that do not dissolve in water.
Lipid used in cell membrane structure.
Lipid: Structure of Cell Membrane
Transport Across Cell Membrane
Cellular Physiological Lifestyle
Animation of Inner Cell Life with Music:
http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlis
t/6850.html
Animation of Inner Cell Life with
Explanation:
http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/media.
html
Homework 2 (due Feb 17)
Search the internet and provide your thoughts on the
following:
It has been proven scientifically that genes deficiency
effect the physical appearance of the body and the
mental ability in thinking and analysis.
Does genes effects behavioral performance such as
evilness and goodness, violence and calm, hate and
love?