* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular, Element, and Molecular Building Blocks of Living Systems
Molecular evolution wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein moonlighting wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Expanded genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Protein structure prediction wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Western blot wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Intrinsically disordered proteins wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Protein adsorption wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Cellular, Element, and Molecular Building Blocks of Living Systems Mohamed Bingabr, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Engineering and Physics University of Central Oklahoma BME and Cells • Cells are the building blocks of living systems. • BME application in the Cellular level – Nerve Cell Stimulation – Genetic Therapy – Tissue Engineering – Nanomedicine – Protein Synthesis and Detection BME and Chemistry • Why should biomedical engineers understand chemistry? - Manipulate molecules to create new tools and solve problems - Synthesize lipid molecules into liposomes to carry anticancer drug and gene therapy. - Better understanding of molecules interaction. - Properties of proteins that form plaque (Alzheimer’s disease) Molecular Composition of a Cell • 70% water • The remaining 30% water-free basis – 50% by weight Carbon – 14% Nitrogen – 4% Phosphorous – Others • Protein and Amino Acids – 60% of water-free mass Chemical Bonding (1) • Bonding between atoms and molecules – Atomic Bonding – Molecular Bonding • Atomic Bonding • Ionic Bonds: electron transferred from one atom to another (Na+ Cl-) • Covalent Bonds: result from the sharing of one electrons (H2) Chemical Bonding (2) • Molecular Bonding: occur between molecules and weaker than covalent bonding. • Hydrogen Bonding: Partially positive hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom (O, N, or F) • van der Waals interactions: Temporary and unequal electron distributions around atoms. Chemical Bonding (3) • Chemical bonding forms a three-dimensional active protein molecule from a long macromolecule of amino acids. Biochemical Energy Food Macromolecules Glycogen Adenosine Triphosphate ATP • Hydrolysis: a chemical reaction in which water is a reactant and energy is realized. ATP Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Macromolecules Polymers: Large molecules formed by the bonding of many smaller chemicals, called monomers. Polyethylene Macromolecules Sizes of Macromolecules Polymers of Biological Importance • Polysaccharides • Composed of small sugars called monosaccharides • Nucleic Acids • Composed of nucleotides • Protein • Composed of amino acids • Lipids Polysaccharides Source of Energy Polysaccharides Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids • Polymers of nucleotides • Provide a mechanism for storage of genetic information. Organic Bases in DNA Adenine Base (A) Guanine Base (G) Thymine Base (T) Cytosine Base (C) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Function of DNA: • Contains all the instructions for producing every molecule currently in the cell (protein). • • Could have some future use if environmental conditions change or differentiation occurs. Proteins Proteins are the working molecules of cells, performing thousands of functions that are essential for the life of the cell and the organism. Protein Functions: • Structure components of cells and tissues • Channels for transport molecules through biological barriers • Elements in communication systems • Recognition elements in the defense against infection • Chemical catalysts (Enzyme) • Muscle Contraction Muscle Contraction http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.html Proteins Proteins are polymers of about 20 amino acids (the monomer). http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/pro tein.htm Amino Acids Essential (needed in diet) Nonessential (made in body) Isoleucine Alanine Arginine Aspartate Lysine Cysteine Methionine Glutamate Phenylalanine Glutamine Threonine Glycine Tryptophan Proline Valine Serine Histidine Asparagine Tyrosine Leucine Proteins Productions Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chain. Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids. Proteins Productions Home Pregnancy Test • Purify proteins • Immobilize proteins to synthetic materials (test strips) • Proteins in test strips change color if certain hormones related to pregnancy are present in the urine. Lipid Fairly large molecules that do not dissolve in water. Lipid used in cell membrane structure. Lipid: Structure of Cell Membrane Transport Across Cell Membrane Cellular Physiological Lifestyle Animation of Inner Cell Life with Music: http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlis t/6850.html Animation of Inner Cell Life with Explanation: http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/media. html Homework 2 (due Feb 17) Search the internet and provide your thoughts on the following: It has been proven scientifically that genes deficiency effect the physical appearance of the body and the mental ability in thinking and analysis. Does genes effects behavioral performance such as evilness and goodness, violence and calm, hate and love?