Download UNIT 2: BIOCHEMISTRY/ENZYMES

UNIT 3: BIOCHEMISTRY/ENZYMES
Miss Sabia
8A
Essential Question
How do organic and
inorganic compounds
compare?
First things first…
• Element: a pure substance that consists
entirely of one type of atom
• Compound: chemical substance formed by
the combination of 2 or more elements in
definite proportions
• For example, H2O is made of 2 hydrogen
atoms and 1 oxygen atom
First things first
• A chemical formula tells us the type of
elements that are in a compound and the
ratio in which those atoms combine
• Glucose, C6H12O6
Some quality bonding time…
• Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds of attraction
between the partially charged H atom and
another partially charged atom
– Between water molecules
Some quality bonding time…
Ionic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
• Electron transfer due to
electrical attraction
between ions
• Form cations (+) and
anions (-)
• Electron sharing
• Can be polar (unequal
sharing) or nonpolar
(equal sharing)
Electronegativity: “greediness” for electrons;
attraction of an atom for electrons in a
covalent bond
Organic Compounds
• CONTAIN CARBON!!
• Most also contain hydrogen
• Associated with living things
Why is carbon so special?
• Think of carbon as the jack-of-all-trades
• Has potential to form many kinds and
combinations of bonds with many different
atoms—able to form 4 covalent bonds
Essential Question
What are the four
classes of organic
molecules?
The Macromolecules
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Lipids
Carbs
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acid
Proteins-Amino Acid
Protein
Activity
• You will make a placemat about the 4 types
of carbon molecules. Include:
• 1. a picture of a food that contains each type
of molecule (you may not be able to find one
for nucleic acids, which is fine).
• 2. For each molecule, include a description,
as well as a drawing of what the actual
carbon molecule looks like.
• 3. Your placemats will be laminated and
ready for you to use!
Do Now
• Name as many functions of a protein as you
can…
Essential Question
•How is a protein’s
function determined?
How do we get these macromolecules?
• When we eat, large organic food molecules
such as proteins and starches must initially
be broken down to enter cells
• Proteins  amino acids
• Starches  simple sugars
• These nutrients can now enter the cell and
be used as building blocks of compounds
needed for life
Vocabulary
• Monomer: single unit
• Polymer: many monomers
Reactions
• Dehydration synthesis: joining molecules
together, results in loss of water
• Hydrolysis: breakdown of polymers through
the addition of water
A closer look at Proteins
• SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION!!!!!!
• 4 levels of protein structure
– 1. primary
– 2. secondary
– 3. tertiary
– 4. quaternary
Primary Structure
• Amino acid sequence
Secondary Struture
• Coiling or folding of the a.a. sequence due to
hydrogen bonds
Tertiary Structure
• Irregular contortions from interactions
between side chains (aka R groups)
• This involves…
– Hydrogen bonding
– Ionic bonding
– Hydrophobic interactions
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
• Grouping of polypeptide chains
SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION
INSULIN
How is the structure determined?
• Structure depends on the environment
– pH
– Temp
– Salt []
Denaturation
• A poor environment may result in
denaturation (breaking of a protein)
– Cooking an egg
– Getting a fever
It all comes down to amino acids
• What do you think happens if
you change the sequence of
amino acids?
Essential Question
• What is the role of enzymes
in a chemical reaction?
Essential Question
• What factors affect the rate of
enzymatic reactions?