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Cell Quiz Review
What 3 things does every cell have in
common?
What is HOMEOSTASIS?
What does the average cell (if there is
such a thing) contain?
Every cell has three things in common:
1. Metabolic functions (using sugars, oxygen, etc)
2. Responds to its environment
3. Capable of maintaining homeostasis within itself
and within the body.
HOMEOSTASIS is maintaining a constant and
appropriate internal environment, such as temperature,
pH, glucose levels, etc.
• Plasma membrane (actually, a type of organelle)
• Cytoplasm and cytosol
• A Nucleus
• Organelles (a membranous or membrane-bound
compartment that carries out particular functions)
• Ribosomes (little factories that take amino acids
and make proteins out of them) No membrane
and not an organelle
Cell Photo
What is the CYTOPLASM and where
is it located?
What does CYTOSOL contain and
where is it found?
Where can you find
NEUCLEOPLASM?
CYTOPLASM: watery liquid found inside and outside
the organelles, but OUTSIDE the nucleus.
CYTOSOL: Another liquid that is thicker than water, and
is NOT inside the organelles or nucleus.
Contains the following:
a. Mostly water
b. Things dissolved in water (amino acids, sugars
like glucose, nucleic acids, and ATP, which is a molecule
used for energy).
c. Cytoskeleton
NEUCLEOPLASM is the liquid inside the nucleus.
Cell Quiz Review
What is a Cytoskeleton and
What are its 2 functions?
What are Organelles in the cell?
Cytoskeleton: made up of long protein fibers, which
extend throughout the cytosol.
Functions of cytoskeleton:
1) Maintains cell shape
2) Movement (such as muscle cell contraction, organelles
within the cell, or the cell itself moving around).
ORGANELLES: those that are surrounded by a
membrane


What is the PLASMA (CELL)
MEMBRANE?
What are its Functions?
What is its double layer made
of?
Plasma Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): a network of
channels.
o Rough ER (has ribosomes)
o Smooth ER (no ribosomes)
 Golgi Complex
 Vesicles (vacuoles)
 Mitochondria
 Nucleus
 Centrioles
PLASMA (CELL) MEMBRANE
Surrounds the entire cell.
Functions of the Plasma Membrane:
a. Movement of materials into and out of
cell, acts as a barrier to the external
environment
b. Acts as a site for receiving signals from
the rest of the body
c. Acts as a site for holding the cell in place
The plasma membrane is made up of two layers of
molecules =Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipids are made of two layers of Phospholipid Bilayer
molecules, what are they? Polar or non
 Fatty Acid Tails, non polar and Hydrophobic
polar? Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
 Phosphate heads, polar and hydrophilic
What are Ribosomes?
Are they organelles?
RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes make proteins.
Ribosomes are not organelles because they do not have a
plasma membrane.
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
What 2 types are there?
What is the difference between the two
types?
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER): a network of
channels.
Two types:
• Rough ER: contains ribosomes
• Function of ribosomes is to make proteins.
• Smooth ER: NO ribosomes
• Function is to detoxify chemicals that enter the cell.
Cell Quiz Review
What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is its Function?
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(endoplasmic = within cytoplasm; reticulum = network;
rough = surface of membrane covered with ribosomes.
This is an organelle, but the ribosomes are not.
Function of RER is the synthesis (making) of certain
kinds of proteins:
 Membrane proteins
 Proteins for export (such as digestive system
enzymes)
 Proteins for use within the cell
What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
and its 4 Functions?
What is the Golgi Complex and its
Functions?
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (no
ribosomes)
Function of SER
 SER is continuous with the rough ER, but
lacks ribosomes and functions primarily in
lipid production
 Involved in metabolism (makes/ breaks) of
carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids.
 Stores calcium (necessary for every cell)
 Detoxifies harmful substances (alcohol,
drugs, etc)
GOLGI COMPLEX
Functions of Golgi complex:
• Packages the proteins made by the RER and sends
them where they need to go (like a FedEx center!)
• Sometimes proteins are modified in the golgi
complex. Therefore, this structure receives materials
from the rough ER and “packages and ships” them.
What are Vesicles?
VESICLES (vacuoles): a sphere of membrane with
something in it. Bubble-like containers for various
substances. This is an organelle. Some are created by the
end of the Golgi complex: a piece of membrane pinches
off, leaving a protein in the vesicle, which carries the
protein to the cell membrane, where it merges with the
cell membrane, pops, and releases its contents outside of
the cell.
Other vesicles contain food storage or enzymes.
What are 3 main types of Vesicles?
Lysosomes
Transport vesicles
Storage vesicles
LYSOSOMES: are sacs of powerful digestive enzymes
to dissolve an old organelle, bacteria, or to commit cell
suicide = APOPTOSIS (programmed cell death).
TRANSPORT VESICLES: when material needs to
move from RER to Golgi complex, or from Golgi
complex to cell membrane, etc.
What are lysosomes?
What are transport vesicles?
Cell Quiz Review
Where are lipids, carbohydrates and
enzymes stored in a cell?
STORAGE VESICLES
What is the smallest living unit in the
body?
What is their function?
MITOCHONDRIA
 Must have OXYGEN to convert nutrients to ATP
for energy
 ATP made in the Cytosol too
 Most complex organelle
 Contains curves known as cristae
Function of mitochondria is to make ATP, which is
cellular energy (ATP is an energy source). They make
their own energy.
Where is DNA stored?
NUCLEUS
What makes RNA?
Where is the Nucleolous?
Is it an organelle?
What is its function?
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
 Within a nucleus there sometimes are areas that
are darker. These are regions of condensed RNA.
 The nucleolus is NOT an organelle, but the
nucleus is. Don’t get “nucleolus” mixed up with
the word “nucleus” on the test. The nucleolus
does not contain the DNA; the nucleus does. The
nucleolus is within the nucleus, but it does NOT
contain DNA.
 The nucleolus makes ribosomes and stores
RNA (RNA is made in the nucleus). RNA is
important for protein synthesis.
What is Transcription and where does it
occur?
What is Translation and where does it
occur?
What are Centrioles?
•
•
TRANSCRIPTION is the process of DNA
communicating with RNA.
This occurs in the nucleus.
TRANSLATION is the process of RNA
communicating with a ribosome to tell it what
type of protein to make. Therefore, translation is
characterized by PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
• This occurs in the cytoplasm.
CENTRIOLES
Centrioles are filaments within the cell that function
during mitosis.When the cell goes
from metaphase to anaphase of
mitosis, the chromatids separate and
follow the spindles of the centrioles
towards the opposite ends of the cell.
Cell Quiz Review
What is the function of a Flagellum?
What is the function of Microvilli?
What is the function of Cilia?
What are Stem Cells?
What is the difference between a benign
and malignant tumor?
What does metastasize mean?
What is cancer of the epithelial tissue
called?
What is cancer of the connective tissue
called?
What is cancer of the blood called?
FLAGELLUM
• Some cells have a flagellum, which is a whip-like
tail used to help them move.
• An example is a sperm cell.
MICROVILLI
• Some cells have microvilli, which increase the
surface area of cells by approximately 600 fold,
thus facilitating absorption and secretion.
CILIA
• Some cells have cilia, which are small, hair-like
structures that can wave back and forth, causing
substances to move along across the top of the
cell.
• For example, the cells of the
lungs are lined with cilia, which
move mucous up from the lungs
so it can be coughed up and
swallowed.
STEM CELLS: A population of cells are always
available to replace the cells that have died
 Muscle stem cells give rise to new muscle cells.
 Bone marrow stem cells give rise to new blood
cells.
 Embryonic stem cells give rise to any type of
cells, including neurons (adults don’t have neural
stem cells) and pancreatic cells (diabetics don’t
have pancreatic stem cells).
 Stem cells are named by type + suffix: BLAST
 Erythrocyte = RBC. Erythroblast = stem cell that
gives rise to erythrocyte.
Too many cells can be a TUMOR (an abnormal growth).
Two types of tumors:
1. BENIGN (“harmless”, although can cause harm
by pressing on vital structure)
2. MALIGNANT (cancerous). These are
dangerous because the cells in the tumor
3. METASTASIZE (leave original site, go
elsewhere and grow). Liver cancer in the lung
Cancer is hundreds of diseases, each with a different
cause, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis. Any cell type
can become malignant, producing different types of
cancer.
THREE TYPES OF CANCER
1. CARCINOMA: epithelial tissue
2. SARCOMA: Connective tissue
3. LEUKEMIA: Blood or blood-forming tissues