Download Name: Period________ General Biology First Semester Study

Name: ___________________________________________
Period________
General Biology
First Semester Study Guide
The following chapters were covered in the first semester biology course:
1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, and 13
Questions:
1. Turn to page A8-A9. Review those pages.
2. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. Provide examples of each.
3. Describe the following parts of the scientific method:
a. hypothesis:
b. experiment:
c. data:
d. conclusion:
4. A student wanted to know if fertilizer would make her bean plants grow faster. She planted 2 rows of
beans. The first row of beans was treated with fertilizer. The second row was not. After 2 weeks she
measured the height of the beans. Identify the following parts of this experiment:
Experimental Group:
Control:
Manipulated Variable (independent):
Responding Variable (dependent):
5. Write an appropriate hypothesis for the experiment described above.
6. How many manipulated variables are in a controlled experiment?
7. Turn to page 30-31 of your textbook. Answer questions 30-32 on page 30 and answer questions 7-8
on page 31:
8. Explain where on a graph you would find the manipulated and responding variables.
9. How do you title a graph?
10. What is peer review and why is it important?
11. What is a theory?
12. What are the 3 basic units of measurement in the SI system AND what does each measure:
13. List the SI unit (with correct prefix) that would be appropriate for measuring each of the following:
Height of a tree=
Mass of a penny=
Mass of a dog=
Volume of a pea=
14. What is homeostasis? How do humans maintain homeostasis of body temperature?
15. What is metabolism? Give several examples of metabolism reactions.
16. Explain the difference in the behavior of electrons in ionic and covalent bonds.
17. What are the most common elements found in organic compounds?
18. What are organic compounds? List some examples of organic compounds.
19. What are hydrogen bonds?
20. List 3 important characteristics of carbon that make it versatile:
21. What is a monomer?
32. Fill in the chart below with the information regarding the 4 classes of organic compounds:
Classes:
Function
Monomer(s)
Polymer
22. Which kind of organic compound stores the most energy?
34. Which monosaccharide is used by cells as an energy source?
23. What are the reactants in a chemical reaction? What are the products in a chemical reaction?
36. What are enzymes? (What class of organic compounds do they belong to and what do they do?)
37. What is a substrate? What is the active site?
38. Explain the relationship between the shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate.
39. What are some factors that could impact the function of an enzyme?
40. What is ATP?
41. Provide three examples of what ATP is used for in cells.
42. What three groups of atoms make up a molecule of ATP?
43. Explain how energy is stored and released by ATP.
44. Complete the chart below:
Process:
Reactants:
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Products:
In what organelle?
45. What is the first step of photosynthesis?
46. What is another name for the light-independent reaction of photosynthesis?
47. In which part of the plant will you find the most chloroplasts?
48. What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
49. Complete the following table on differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
Structure
Nucleus (present/absent)
Prokaryote
Ribosomes (present/absent)
Cell Membrane (present/absent)
Organelles (ER, golgi,
mitochondria) Present/absent
Examples
50. What is an organelle?
51. Briefly describe the function of the following cell parts:
a. Cell membrane =
b. Cytoskeleton=
c. Ribosome=
d. Golgi apparatus=
e. Mitochondrion=
Eukaryote
f. Chloroplast=
g. Nucleus=
h. Lysosome=
i. Vacuole=
52. Complete the following table comparing plant and animal cells.
Structure
Plant
Animal
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Plastids
Centrioles
53. What is the difference between the structure of cilia and flagella?
54. List the main components of the cell membrane.
55. What does selectively permeable mean?
56. Complete the following table on the three types of solutions.
Type of
More water
More solute
Direction water
solution
outside or
outside or
moves
inside cell
inside cell
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Change in cell
size
57. Complete the following table on the forms of cellular transport.
Transport
Type
High to
low or
low to
high
With or
against
gradient
Does it
require
energy
Examples of
substances that cross
membrane this way
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active
Transport
58. Explain the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis.
59. What is dynamic equilibrium?
60. Give an example of a specialized cell and how its structure relates to its function.
61. What are the levels of organization for a multicellular organism from smallest to largest? (Use the
following terms: tissue, cell, organ system, organism, organ)
62. What is a hormone and how do they work in an organism?
63. Explain the relationship between the following terms: cell, chromosome, DNA and nucleotide.
64. Describe the structure and function of DNA. (Include the shape of the DNA molecule, what
composes the sides and rungs of the molecule and the base pairing arrangement.)
65. What is DNA replication? Why is it necessary? When does it occur?
66. If the following bases compose one half of the DNA template during replication, what will be the
base order on the new daughter strand? A T C T A G G C C
67. Explain three differences between DNA and RNA.
68. What happens during transcription?
69. What happens during translation?
70. Using figure 13-7 on page 368 in your book, explain the role of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA during
translation. Distinguish between the anticodon and codon.
71. Where does translation occur?
72. Transcribe and translate the following DNA sequence using the genetic code table on p. 367:
ATCTAGGCT
mRNA;
amino acid:
73. List at least three causes of mutations.
74. What is the impact of somatic cell mutations? What about gamete cell mutations?
75. What is a point mutation? Give an example.
76. The cell cycle consists of a growth stage and a division stage. What is the growth portion of the cell
cycle called? What are the division portions of the cell cycle called?
77. Name the 3 parts of interphase AND briefly explain what happens in each:
78. What is divided in mitosis? What is divided in cytokinesis?
79. Name, in order, the phases of mitosis AND briefly tell what happens to the CHROMOSOMES in
each:
80. When cell division is complete, what are the two new cells called?
How many chromosomes do the new cells have in comparison to the original cell from which they
divided?
81. Where in the cell cycle do the daughter cells go after cytokinesis is complete?
82. What is the purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?
83. What is a zygote? How does a zygote become a multicellular organism?
84. List the stages of the development of an embryo in order.
85. Why does every cell in your body to have identical DNA?
86. What is differentiation?
87. What are specialized cells?
88. What causes cells to differentiate and become specialized?
89. What is a stem cell?