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Chapter 11.1 & 11.2 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary Allele Gamete Genes Genetics Genotype Homozygous Heterozygous Definition Picture Vocabulary Hybrid Phenotype Probability Punnett Square Segregation Trait True-breeding Definition Picture Chapter 11.3 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary Independent Assortment Incomplete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles Polygenic Trait Definition Picture Chapter 11.4 ~ VOCABULARY Vocabulary Definition Picture Crossing Over Haploid Diploid Homologous Meiosis Tetrad !!!FOR VISUAL, HANDS-ON LEARNERS!!!! Cool Heredity Website: http://alturl.com/22i7e Chapter 11 ~ GENETICS Terms to know before we start _____________________ – crossing of two species Allele – form of a __________________________ Ex. Gene – Ice Cream Alleles – vanilla vs. chocolate Dominance – allele that is _____________________________shown with _______________ letter Recessive – allele that is ___________________________; shown with ________________ case letter Homozygous – two same alleles – _______________________________ Heterozygous – two different alleles - __________________ Gregor Mendel ______________________________________________ Responsible for monastery garden Worked with ___________ plants Reproduce by Sexual (2 parents ) and asexual ( 1 parent ) reproduction Father of Genetics Studied genes Gregor Mendel’s Peas • Cross ____________________ different varieties of true breeding pea plants • ___________________ means both genes are the __________ (BB or bb). Ex. Yellow pods X YY Green pods yy Mendel’s Pea Experiment Crossed yellow pod and green pod ________________________________ Two conclusions: Individuals carry two ____________ for each trait, but pass down only one One factor (gene) is ______________________ over the other. Mendel’s Pea Experiment ________________________- _________generation Think of your parents ________________________- _________generation Think of you and your siblings ________________________- _________generation Think of any kids you may have Genes and Dominance When present ______________________ alleles will always show up ______________________________ alleles will only show up if there are ________________________________________________ Tall dominant over short Yellow seeds dominant over green seeds Genes and Dominance • • • Reappearance of __________________ trait showed that the alleles must separate somehow Concluded that the separation must be in the formation of sex cells or _________________ Each gamete carries a _____________________________ of each gene • Ex. Either tall or short Chapter 11.2 – Probability / Punnett Squares Mendel’s Crosses Whenever Mendel made the same cross he came up with the same results. He used ________________________________ to explain the results of his genetic crosses. Genetics and Probability Probability–The __________________________________ that a certain event will happen. Flip a coin –Two possible outcomes: 50% of the time heads 50% of the time tails Genetics and Probability If you flip a coin twice the probability of getting heads both times: –__________________________________________________ Flip 3 times, all heads: –__________________________________________________ –(½)3= 1/8 Flip 5 times, all heads: –½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ = 1/32 –(½)5 = 1/32 Punnett Squares ______________________ used to determine the possible _____________ __________________________________ in a mating. Parent __________________________ are shown along top and left side Possible offspring combinations are shown in the box Punnett Squares ________________________________–Same alleles for a trait ~ ________________________ ________________________________–Different alleles for a trait ~ _______________________ Punnett Squares _____________________________–Genetic makeup –TT, Tt or tt _____________________________- –Physical characteristics –Tall or short Probability and ____________________________________ Mendel’s crosses showed the following trend: –¾ dominant trait –¼ recessive trait –Showed that alleles segregate: 1 to each gamete Probabilities Predict Averages Probabilities useful with _____________________________ samples Cannot predict precise outcomes The ___________________________ the number of offspring, the ___________________________________ comes to Mendel’s findings http://www2.edc.org/weblabs/punnett/punnettsquares.html Chapter 11.3 ~ Exploring Mendelian Genetics Mendel Law’s Showed that alleles _____________________________ during formation of __________________ (egg/sperm) Mendel’s First Law: Parent will only pass _____________________________on to offspring. Independent Assortment Mendel performed crosses of _________________ _________________ genes rr/yy Known as a ______________________ cross – 2 factor (gene) cross ry ry ry ry Crossed round, yellow peas (RRYY) with wrinkled, green peas (rryy) R – round, r – wrinkled Y – yellow, y - green RY RrYy RrYy RrYy All offspring displayed the dominant round and yellow phenotype RRrYy Used the F1 to make an F2 generation RY REMEMBER FOIL????? ________________________________________ EX. ( 2 + 3 )( 4 + 5 ) Works for DIHYBRID CROSSES EX. RrYy ( R r )( Y y ) RR/YY RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy All are round, yellow peas F1 Independent Assortment F2 generation produced the parental phenotype, but also produced new combinations In a ratio of ____________________________________________ This showed that the alleles do segregate on their own Independent Assortment This became the basis for Mendel’s second law: Genes for different traits can ___________________________ (separate ) independently during the formation of ______________________________. Helps create the ________________________________________ in the world around us. Exception to Mendel’s findings There are exceptions to his principles. Not all genes are __________________________/___________________________ More than two alleles Traits can be controlled by more than one gene Incomplete Dominance __________________ alleles __________________________________________________________ Produces _______ _____________________________________________ Four o’clocks Palomino horses Codominance __________________________ contribute to phenotype: EX. ChickensBlack allele is codominant with white allele (both show without blending) Produces speckled chicken Multiple Alleles _________________________________________________ More than two possibilities Example: Coat color in rabbits Single gene- 4 alleles CFull color ch c Chinchilla h c Himalayan cAlbino Polygenic Trait Interaction of ___________________________________ Wide range of ___________________________________ Example: Skin colors in humans More than 4 genes Genetics and the Environment Characteristics not only determined by genes Can be determined by _____________________________________________________________ Genes affect sunflower height and color Sun or water also affect these characteristics Temperature determines color of siamese cats Applying Mendel’s Principles ___________________________ used Mendel’s work on ________________________________: Scientific name- Drosophila melanogaster Why? ____________________________ Easy to keep Able to ___________________________ large numbers in a short period of time Chapter 11.4/11.5 ~ Meiosis Mitosis vs. Meiosis Remember Mitosis……. •_______________________________________________ –Makes _________________________________________________ –_______________________________________________________ •Same # of chromosomes as mother cell –Used in growth and repair –Seen in somatic cells (body cells) Meiosis •MAKES ___________________ _______________________ (gametes) – Homologous Chromosomes – each chromosome in a cell that comes from mother has a corresponding chromosome that comes from the father – Crossing over – When chromosomes pair up with their HOMOLOGOUS partner and exchange portions of their genes. They now form a structure called a___________. – Diploid – A cell with ______________ pairs of chromosomes – Haploid – A cell with ______________ set of chromosomes ____________________________ the steps –PMAT phase 1 –When crossing over occurs during MEIOSIS –PMAT phase 2 Mendel •Easy to see how genes on different chromosomes assort independently –Genes on same chromosome? –Should be inherited together? Mitosis vs. Meiosis Comparison Mitosis Meiosis Used for: – Growth / Repair - gamete formation – Daughter cell – ________________ to mother cell – 2 cells created - gametes (sex cells) - __________________ from mother cell - 4 cells created - 2N -N What is created? Chromosome # Producing 4 viable sperm N Producing 1 egg & 3 polar bodies 2N 2N 2N 2N N N N Polar bodies that will be reabsorbed into the body Guided Reading 11-1 and 11.2 1. Every living thing has a set of _____________________________ inherited from its parents. 2. Define genetics: ______________________________________________________. 3. After becoming a _______________, Mendel spent several years studying ____________________ and mathematics at the University of Vienna. 4. During sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join, a process known as ___________________________________________. 5. Pea flowers are normally ______________________________, which means that sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the ________________ flowers. 6. Define true-breeding: _____________________________________________________________. 7. When Mendel crossed plants with _________________________ characters for the same trait, the resulting offspring had only one of the characters. 8. A __________________________ is a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that varies from one individual to another. 9. Filius and filia are the Latin words for _______________ and _______________. 10. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called ______________________. 11. To Mendel’s surprise, all of the offspring had the character of only __________ of the parents. 12. Mendel’s first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by _______________ that are _______________ from one generation to the next. 13. Scientist calls the chemical factors that determine traits ______________________________. 14. Define an allele: ___________________________________________________________________. 15. Mendel’s second conclusion is the ______________________ _____ ______________________. 16. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are _____________________ and others are _____________________________. 17. When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination the traits controlled by _______________ alleles reappeared in about _________ of the F2 plants in each cross. 18. Define segregation: _______________________________________________________________. 19. A gamete is a __________ cell. 20. A capital letter T represents a __________________________________ allele. Section 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares 21. Mendel realized that the principles of probabilities could be used to ___________________ the results of genetic crosses. 22. The likelihood that a particular ______________ will occur is called ______________. 23. That individual probabilities are _______________ together illustrates an important point – past outcomes do not affect _______________ ones. 24. Punnett squares can be used to _______________ and compare the genetic variations that will results from a cross. 25. Organisms that have two identical alleles are called __________________________________ 26. Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are called __________________________ 27. A _________________________________is a physical characteristic. 28. A plant with the genotype Tt will have what phenotype? __________________________ 29. A plant with the short phenotype will have what genotype? __________________ 30. Probabilities predict the _______________ outcome of a _______________ number of events. 31. Probability cannot predict the _______________ outcome of an individual event. Guided Reading 11-3 - Exploring Mendelian Genetics 1. A two-factor cross follows two different __________________ as they pass from one generation to the next. 2. All the F1 offspring from the cross RRYY x rryy were ____________________ and __________________. 3. The genotypes of the F1 offspring were ______________________ 4. Mendel’s F2 generation showed that the alleles for seed shape segregated independently of those for seed color – a principle known as _____________________________ _______________________________ 5. When a RrYy plant was crossed with an RrYy plant, what ratio was shown in the punnet square? _______________ 6. The principle of independent assortment states that genes can segregate ___________________________ during the formation of ____________________________. 7. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic __________________________ observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. 8. Fill out the diagram below as it pertains to Mendel’s crosses and independent assortment. 9. A summary of Mendel’s Principles: The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as _______________. Genes are passed from parents to offspring. In cases in which two or more forms ( ________________ ) of the gene for a single traist exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be __________________________. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has ____________ copies of each gene – one from each parent. These genes are _______________________ from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles of different genes usually segregate ______________________________ of one another. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles 10. Some alleles are neither dominant nor _________________________, and many traits are controlled by _______________________ alleles or by multiple genes. 11. In the F1 generation of Mirabilis plants, a red flower crossed with a white flower will produce ___________ flowers. 12. Cases where one allele is not completely dominant over another is called ______________________________ _______________________________ 13. _________________________________ occurs when both alleles contribute to the phenotype. 14. Describe the “erminette” color in chickens: _____________________________________________________ 15. Which is which? (This is not in your book). For each example, determine whether the genes show INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (IC) or CODOMINANCE (CO) _______ Black x white = all grey offspring _______ Black x white = black offspring with white spots _______ A centipede with stubby legs is crossed with one with long legs, offspring have a mix of stubby and long legs. _______ A cow with long horns is crossed with a cow with short horns, offspring have medium length horns. 16. The best known example that illustrates multiple alleles is ___________________________________________ 17. The gene for coat color in rabbits is controlled by 4 different alleles, describe them: (fig 11-12) C = _________________________ Cch = ___________________________________ Ch = __________________________ c = ___________________________________ 18. What type of rabbit is this? ____________________________________________ 18. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be ____________________________________ traits. 19. What human trait is polygenic? ______________________________________ Applying Mendel’s Principles 20. What animal did Thomas Morgan choose to study? ___________________________________ 21. Why was this animal an ideal organism for the study of genetics? _____________________________________ Genetics and the Environment 22. Genes provide a plan for __________________________________, but how that plan unfolds also depends on the ______________________________________________ Genetics Practice Problems - Simple Worksheet 1. For each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) or homozygous (Ho) AA _____ Ee ____ Ii _____ Mm _____ Bb _____ ff ____ Jj _____ nn _____ Cc _____ Gg ____ kk _____ oo _____ DD _____ HH ____ LL _____ Pp _____ 2. For each of the genotypes below determine what phenotypes would be possible. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes BB ________________ PP __________________ Bb ________________ Pp __________________ bb ________________ pp __________________ Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. Long tails are dominant to short tails in bobcats. TT _________________ RR __________________ Tt _________________ Rr __________________ tt __________________ rr __________________ 3. For each phenotype below, list the genotypes (remember to use the letter of the dominant trait) Straight hair is dominant to curly. Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. ____ straight _____ pointed ____ straight _____ pointed ____ curly _____ round 4. Set up the Punnet squares for each of the crosses listed below. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. Rr x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______________ RR x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______________ RR x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______________ Rr x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round? _______________ Practice with Crosses. 5. A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant). What percentage of the offspring will be tall? ___________ 6. A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant. What percentage of the offspring will be short? ______ 7. A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)? __________ 8. A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. What are the genotypes of the parents? __________ x __________ What percentage of the offspring will also be homozygous? ___________ SHOW ALL WORK! The “Gee” in Genome -http://nature.ca/genome/index_e.cfm Go to "Try it" and then "Online Games" ' go to "Mix Those Genes" Click on "More Information" to answer the following questions 1. What are the genes that control eye color called? ______________ and ________________ 2. Which color is always recessive? _________________________ 3. Identify the colors for each of the genotypes: BBGg = __________________________ bbGg = _____________________________ Bbgg = __________________________ bbgg = _____________________________ Go to "Choose Parents" 4. What are the genotypes of your three potential mothers and their eye colors (phenotypes) Name Genotype Color Jane Jill Jem Choose a mother, to go to the next page: You chose ______________________ (name) 5. What are the genotypes of your three potential fathers and their eye colors (phenotypes) Name Genotype Color Rick Ron Rex Choose a father, to go to the next page: You chose ______________________ (name) What is your parents genotypes : _____________ x _________________ 6. Click on the "Make Babies" to show your offspring. Click on "More Babies" to see all 12. How many babies of 12 have: Brown eyes _______ Blue eyes ________ Green eyes_______ 7. Follow the same procedure to pick new parents. You chose: ________________ and ___________________ How many babies of 12 have: Brown eyes _______ Blue eyes ________ Green eyes_______ 8. Follow the same procedure to pick new parents. You chose: ________________ and ___________________ How many babies of 12 have: Brown eyes _______ Blue eyes _______ Green eyes________ 9. Now do the squares! What will happen if you cross Jane (BbGg) and Rex (bbgg) ? FILL OUT THE PUNNETT SQUARE to make your prediction. 10. Run the simulation to see their offspring. How many Jane and Rex babies out of 12 have: Brown eyes ____________ Blue eyes ____________Green eyes _______________ Ch.11 Study Guide Phases of Meiosis: Refer to diagram below 1. Show where crossing over takes place by circling cell below where it is occurring. 2. What is the name of the phase where crossing over occurs? _______________________ 3. What does crossing over produce for a cell? (pg. 277)_____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the arrow pointing to (What structure is being formed) (pg. 276)? ______________ 5. What type of cells are created in Meiosis (circle one)? Haploid or Diploid 6. What is there chromosome number as compared to the original cell (circle one) double or half 7. Are the 4 cells created genetically identical or genetically different from each other? _________ Question # 4 Question # 5 8. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol _________________. If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is _________________. Gametes are produced by the process of __________________________. Another name for gametes is _____________________________. Chromosomes form tetrads during the stage of ___________________________. Define genotype: __________________________________________________________________. Define phenotype:_________________________________________________________________. Define true breeding:_______________________________________________________________. Define heterozygous AND give an example using the letter H. _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. 17. Define homozygous AND give an example using the letter H. _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. 18. Define the principal of dominance:_____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 19. Referring to the diagram to the right, label the F1, F2, and P generation. 20. Cross a Heterozygous mother with a Homozygous recessive father using H as the symbol. 21. What percentage of offspring would be homozygous recessessive? __________________ 22. In a species of rabbits found in the West Virginia, the following alleles are found: F = long wiskers, f = short wiskers, J = round eyes, j = almond eyes 21. What is the phenotype of the parent with the allele combination FFJJ? ___________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 22. What is the genotype of a parent that has short wiskers and almond eyes? _______________ 23. Using FOIL, show the possible gametes for (Ff)(Jj) ________ , ________ , _______ , ________ 25. Define homologous ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 26. Define incomplete dominance ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 27. Define independent assortment __________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 28. Define polygenic traits _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 29. Define codominance __________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 30. Refer to the diagram to the right and label the two boxes with the following terms. Allele Chromosome 31. An allele is a form of a __________________.