Download I - Decatur ISD

Biochemistry Notes Unit 2
Macromolecules
A. What are they?
 1. __________________________________
_______________________________________
 2. Made of smaller pieces called __________ that can be assembled like legos to form a
variety of structures. A large chain of monomers is called a _________.
 Mono- ____________
 Poly- _______________
 B. Carbohydrates
 1. Monomer: ____________________
 2. Polymer: _____________________
 3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
 4. Uses: ___________________
 5. Examples: ________________
 Carbohydrates include:
Simple sugar: small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
Monosaccharides
_______________ is found in sports drinks
_______________ is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”
Questions??
 What does the suffix –ose mean?
 Where are glucose molecules found?
 Where would you find fructose?
Disaccharides
 A disaccharide is a _______________ sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (condensation)
 Common disaccharides include:
 Sucrose (______________________)
 Lactose (Milk Sugar)
 Maltose (______________________)
 Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Draw a model of a carbohydrate
Biochemistry Notes Unit 2
Polysaccharides
 Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains
Questions??
 What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-?
 Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what?
Draw a model of a lipid
Lipids
 1. Monomer: __________
 2. Polymer: ___________
 3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
 4. Uses: ________________________
 5. Examples: ____________________

Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell membrane
(lipid bilayer)
 Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together
is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are ______________________
 Cell membranes are made of lipids called _______________________________
 Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (________________)
 Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (__________________)
 Lipids are hydrophobic –”_____________”
Do ______ mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
 Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room
temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called ________________________
 Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
these are called ____________________________
Biochemistry Notes Unit 2
Draw a model of a protein

Protein
 1. Monomer: _______________
 2. Polymer: _____________________
 3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
 4. Uses: ________________________
 5. Examples: ____________________
 Proteins are building blocks of structures called _______________________. Proteins are what
your DNA codes to make
 A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
 ____________________________= the building up of large molecules by removing water
molecules
Enzymes
 A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions
 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started.
 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster.
 B. Lock-and-Key Model
 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction
(________________).
 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which
can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a
different enzyme.
 C. Factors which affect enzymes
 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or
cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.
 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach
 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.
DRAW AN ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX MODEL & LABEL IT
Biochemistry Notes Unit 2
Nucleic Acids
 1. Monomer: _______________
 2. Polymer: ___________
 3. Structure:______________________
________________________________
 4. Uses: ___________________
 5. Examples: _______________
Draw a NUCLEOTIDE
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Identify the Parts of a Nucleotide
 Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
(A)
Guanine (G)
(T)
Cytosine (C)
Nucleotide Monomers
 Form long chains called DNA
Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side
DNA
 Two strands of DNA join together to form a _________________
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
 Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group
It has the base ____________ (U) instead of thymine (T)
ATP






A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
ATP stands for _____________________
Cells use ATP as a __________________
Made of adenine with ___ phosphates
Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________
When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released.
The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use.
Questions??
Explain the ATP/ADP process.