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Transcript
Day 1 Topic: Cells & Organelles Place an X next to the things you think are made of cells: ___ flowers ___ skin ___ proteins ___ rocks ___ milk ___ bone ___ lungs ___ hamburger ___ DNA ___ calcium ___ apples ___ sand ___ worms ___ bacteria ___ leaf ___ seeds ___ water ___ sugar ___ blood ___ saliva ___ mushroom Describe the “rule” you used to determine if something was made of cells or not: What is a cell? - Cells are the smallest _______________ things Cell hierarchy: Cell ______________ _______________ _________________ Organism Cell’s job is to make ________________: which control ______________________ the organism does! Two main types of cells: Size Evolutionary Age Nucleus? Organelles? PROKARYOTIC [means “before _______________”] ________________ and simple Older EUKARYOTIC Large and _______________ Younger ONLY ________________, cell membrane, ___________________ DNA? Examples In _____________________ in nucleus ____________, ______________, fungi (Everything else!) Plant versus Animal Cell Structures: Directions: Use your books (pages 174-181) to fill out the table below. ORGANELLE FUNCTION CELL WALL CELL MEMBRANE NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST VACUOLE GOLGI APPARATUS ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM LYSOSOME PLANTS ANIMALS Day 3 Topic: Cell Specialization & Communication Cell Specialization: Each cell in an organism has a special job How do we make them? o All cells start out the same way (called _________ __________). The ___________ tells it what to become, and it makes special proteins to do the job it is told to do Specialized Explanation Picture Cell Are shaped like a bowl to carry ______________ Red Blood molecules; have no nucleus! Remember: the protein Cells ____________ is what binds to the oxygen molecules! Muscle Cells Have more ____________________ than others to make more _______________! Xylem cells Transport _________ from the _______ to the leaves. Phloem cells Transport ___________ throughout the plant (from the ______________). Guard cells/ Stomata Act like mouths to _______ and ________, letting _______ in and out of the leaves { _____ in, ____out] Tiny, ________________ projections that protrude from the inner lining of the ____________ wall. Intestinal Villi ___________ the ____________ area of the intestinal wall, resulting in better ______________ of nutrients! Cell Communication: All cells have to communicate to help an organism survive! Two ways: 1. Hormones - ________________, so shape matters! Only work for cells with the right ______________________ proteins Travel ______________ In _________ AND _______________ 2. Neurons - In the _______________ system Send out molecules called neurotransmitters Travel _______________ In _________________ only Day 4 Topic: The Cell Membrane Homeostasis: Maintaining a constant internal _______________. Plants and animals regulate things like: ______, water, ______________, glucose, __________, etc. - Cell _______________ controls what goes _____ and ________ = maintains homeostasis! Cell Membrane - Phospholipid bilayer: two layers of ____________ that make a flexible barrier Also _________________ found in the membrane _________________-permeable: only lets ___________ things move through Can Cross Can’t Cross Concentration Gradient Particles move in response to a concentration gradient: Passive versus Active Transport TYPE PASSIVE ACTIVE - Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport MOVES? DIRECTION? USES ENERGY? _______ to Low Particles USES A PROTEIN? NO NO High to ______ Particles Passive transport will continue until ________________________ is reached: in other words, when there is the _____________ number of molecules on ____________ sides How does this affect cells? Water ___________the Cell ______________ Water ___________ the cell Day 1 Activity Cell Practice! Label the plant and animal cells below: Compare/Contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Making Predictions! If this happened… Then this would happen… Justification: WHY??? All of the ribosomes disappeared The cell membrane broke down The nucleus was destroyed A virus attacks and destroys all of the mitochondria Chloroplasts in a plant cell stopped absorbing sunlight TRAVEL BROCHURE: Make a brochure that highlights the trip you could take inside either a plant or animal cell. Be creative, colorful, and descriptive! Be sure to include 6 organelles (and their pictures and functions)! Day 2 Activity -- Microscope Lab Purpose: To observe different types of cells under the microscope and visualize differences between plants, animals, and prokaryotes. Pre Lab: There are three “objective” lenses on the microscope. To calculate the TOTAL magnification, multiply the magnification on the objective by the magnification of the eyepiece. Calculate the following magnifications below: RED: 4X x 10X (eyepiece) = ___________ X YELLOW: 10X x 10X (eyepiece) = ___________X BLUE: 40X x 10X (eyepiece) = ___________ X Part 1 - Cheek Cells Background info: I used a toothpick to scrape cheek cells off the inside of my mouth. Then I stained the cells with iodine so that we can see them under the microscope (otherwise, they would be transparent). 1. Observe the cheek cells slide under low power (4x)(red). Draw what you see in Figure 1 (below, left). 2. View the cheek cell on high power (40x)(blue). Draw 2 or 3 cells in Figure 2 (below, right). 3. Label the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Figure 1: Drawing of the cheek cell in low power (4x)(red) Figure 2: Drawing of the cheek cells in high power (40x)(blue) Label the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Analysis: 1. Why did we add iodine to our cheek cells (see background info)? ___________________________________ 2. What structure in the cheek cell was stained the darkest? ________________________________________ 3. Is your cheek cell an animal or plant cell? ____________ 4. Which color lens magnified the most? ________ 5. What is the total magnification of the (40X)(blue) objective? Hint: multiply the eyepiece and objective together (see prelab)._____________________________ Part 2 - The Elodea leaf (from Mr. Naeger’s tank!) 1. Observe the Elodea leaf under low power first (4x)(red), then under high power (40x)(blue). 2. Draw what you see under 40X magnification in Figure 3 (below). 3. Label the following organelles: cell wall and chloroplasts. Figure 3: Drawing of the Elodea cell in high power (40x)(blue) Label the cell wall and chloroplasts. 1. Why is the chloroplast green? What pigment does it have? ___________________________________________________ 2. What structure is the outer most layer of the plant cell? __________________________________________________ Part 3 - The Onion Root Cell 1. Observe under low power first (4x), then under high power (40x)(blue). 2. Draw the high-power image in Figure 4 (below) and label the following organelles: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Figure 4: Drawing of the Onion Root cell in high power (40x)(blue) Label the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Analysis: 1. What structures are found in plant cells, but not animal cells? ________________________________________________________________ 2. Onion cells are plant cells. Confirm this statement by using evidence from your drawing (what plant cell structures are present?). ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What green structures did you see in the Elodea cells, but not onion cells? ___________________________ 4. Why do you think you don’t find these structures in the onion root cells (hint: onions grow in the ground)? ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Part 4 – ALGAE 1. Observe the algae on the slide under low power (4x)(red). 2. Draw what you see in Figure 5 (below). Part 5 – The Orientation of the letter “e” 1. Observe the “e” on the slide under low power (4x)(red). 2. Draw what you see in Figure 6 (below). Figure 5: Drawing of algae tank water under high power (40x)(blue) Figure 6: Drawing of the “e” under low power (4x)(red) 1. Describe the color, and structure of the algae cells. _______________________________ ______________________________________ 2. Skill: Calculate the total magnification when using the following objective lenses (see prelab question). Analysis: 1. Describe the orientation of the e (e.g., is it backwards, right-side-up, etc?). ___________________________________ 2. What does this tell you about everything you view through a microscope? ___________________________________ 3. Red: ________ Blue: ___________ Draw what the letter “b” should look like under the microscope. Under microscope: Day 3 Activity What Makes Us Special?? Specialized Cell Sketch Why is it special? Who has them? R.A.F.T Writing Assignment Choose 1 of the following writing assignments and complete the task! Your response should be at least ¾ page. Write on a separate piece of paper. Be sure to include SUPPORT and ELABORATION for your position! ROLE AUDIENCE Your idol (ex. Brain cell, liver cell, skin cell, etc. etc. etc.) FORMAT Guard Cell Plant Ransom Note Muscle Cell Athlete Rap/ Song Mitochondrion Red Blood Cells Thank you letter Neuron Hormones Newspaper Editorial Stem Cell Letter TOPIC Why you want to be like the cell when you differentiate (grow up) You refuse to open the stomata until the plant recognizes you as the most important cell. Making energy ain’t easy The role red blood cells play in bringing oxygen to the mitochondria Why you are a superior way of communication Day 4 Activity -- Diffusion Lab Introduction: In this lab you will observe the diffusion of a substance across a semi permeable membrane. Iodine is a known indicator for starch. An indicator is a substance that chances color in the presence of the substance it indicates. You have already used iodine as an indicator for starch in previous experiments. Pre-Lab Observations: Describe what happens when iodine comes into contact with starch. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Procedure: 1. Fill a plastic baggie with about ½ cup of starch mixture provided by your teacher. 2. Fill a beaker halfway with water and add 1 ½ mL of iodine (use the 1 ½ line on the dropper). 3. Place the baggie in the cup so that the cornstarch mixture is submerged in the iodine water mixture. 4. Wait about 45 minutes, and then record your observations in the data table 5. While you are waiting, answer the questions below. Questions: Define diffusion. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Define osmosis. _______________________________________________________________________________________ What is the main difference between osmosis and diffusion? _______________________________________________________________________________________ Why is iodine called an indicator? _______________________________________________________________________________________ Molecules tend to move from areas of ____________ concentration to areas of___________ concentration. What is in the Bag? _______________________________________________________________________________________ Let’s concentrate on concentrations! Which substances are more or less concentrated depends on which one has the most stuff in it. 1. Is the baggie or beaker more concentrated in starch? ____________________ 2. Is the baggie or beaker more concentrated in iodine? ____________________ Make Some Predictions 1. If the baggie was permeable to starch, which way would the starch move, __________________ into the bag or out of the bag? 2. If the baggie was permeable to iodine, which way would the iodine move, __________________ into or out of the bag? 3. If the baggie was only permeable to iodine, what color would you expect the solution in the baggie to turn? ________________ What about the solution in the beaker? ________________ 4. If the baggie was only permeable to starch, what color would you expect the solution in the baggie to turn? ________________ What about the solution in the beaker? ________________ 5. Write a hypothesis about what you think will happen (if…then…): _____________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Data Table Starting Color Color after 45 minutes Solution in Beaker Solution in Bag Post Lab Analysis 1. Based on your observations, which substance moved, the iodine or the starch? ____________________ 2. How did you determine this? ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. The plastic baggie was permeable to which substance? ____________________ 4. Is the plastic baggie selectively permeable? ____________________ 5. In the space below, LABEL what was where before and after the experiment, and use arrows to illustrate how diffusion occurred in this lab (hint: what was moving in, and what was moving out of the bag?). Before After 45 min. 6. What would happen if you did an experiment in which the iodine solution was placed in the baggie, and the starch solution was in the beaker? Be detailed in your description. ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Based on your experimental results, why would it not be a good idea to store iodine in a plastic bag? EXPLAIN! ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________