Download Bio 392: Study Guide for Final

Bio 392: Study Guide for Final
Chapter 37, 9, 10, 11, 14-1, 14-2, 12, 15, 16
Chapter 37: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Vocabulary: myocardium, atrium, ventricle, pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, valve,
pacemaker, aorta, artery, capillary, vein, atherosclerosis, plasma, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, platelet,
lymph, pharynx, trachea, larynx, bronchus, alveolus, diaphragm, nicotine, emphysema

Know or be able to:
Sec 37-1
o Explain why unicellular organisms do not have a circulatory system and large, multicellular
organisms do have a circulatory system
 Know that unicellular organisms just use diffusion to transport materials
o Distinguish between an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system
o Identify the three main parts of the circulatory system
o Distinguish between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
o Distinguish between the right side and left side of the heart
 Know which carries oxygenated blood and which carries deoxygenated blood
o Identify the locations and functions of the various parts of the heart
 *Refer to Fig 37-3 on p.945 in your textbook*
o Identify the location and function of the pacemaker (SA node)
o Distinguish among arteries, capillaries, and veins in terms of their structures and functions
o Explain what blood pressure is and how it is measured
 Distinguish between diastole and systole
Sec 37-2
o Identify the different functions of blood
o Identify the components of blood
o Plasma and blood cells
o Distinguish among each type of blood cell according to its structure and function
o Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets
o Explain how blood types work in terms of antigens and antibodies
o Explain why certain blood transfusions cannot occur
o Identify the function of the lymphatic system and its main structures
Sec 37-3
o Identify the locations and functions of the various parts of the respiratory system
o *Refer to Fig. 37-13 on p. 957 in you textbook*
o Explain how breathing works
o Driving force = air pressure
o Explain how breathing is controlled
o Explain how the medulla oblongata knows when it is time to breathe
o Know that smoking can cause bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer
o Describe what these diseases are
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
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Vocabulary: energy, calorie, Calorie, ATP, ADP, glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation,
aerobic, anaerobic, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, NAD+ (NADH), FAD (FADH2), ATP synthase

Know or be able to:
o Describe calories- what do they measure? How do they measure?
o The process of anaerobic respiration When does it occur? Why?
 Difference between lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
 Glycolysis: reactants, products, location in organism
 Alcoholic Fermentation by yeasts: reactants, products
 Lactic Acid Fermentation: reactants, products
 Everyday uses of alcoholic fermentation
 Effects of lactic acid in muscle
o The process of aerobic respiration
 Glycolysis: location, reactants, products
 Kreb cycle: location, reactants, products
 Electron transport chain: location, reactants, products
Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division

Vocabulary: cell division, mitosis, cytokinesis, chromatin, sister chromatids, chromosome, interphase, G1
phase, S phase, G2 phase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, spindle fibers, centrioles, cell plate

Know or be able to:
o Why cells must replicate DNA and divide
o Compare surface area to volume
o The steps of the cell cycle- what happens during each phase
o The steps of mitosis- what is happening with the chromosomes in each
o Process of cytokinesis
o Differences between cell division in plant and animal cells
Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics
 Vocabulary: genetics, fertilization, true-breeding, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, segregation, gamete, probability,
Punnett square, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, independent assortment, incomplete
dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, homologous, diploid, haploid, meiosis, tetrad,
crossing-over, gene map

Know or be able to:
o Explain what was learned from Mendel’s work with pea plants
o Determine the probability of a particular event(s) occurring
 Don’t forget the “And” rule (multiplication)
o Distinguish among the terms homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, heterozygous, truebreeding, and hybrid
 Be able to provide genotypes based on being given these terms
o Distinguish among genotype and phenotype
o Perform genetic crosses and determine probabilities using Punnett squares
 Be able to do problems involving normal dominance, two-traits, incomplete dominance,
codominance, blood types, and sex-linked traits
o Identify and explain Mendel’s 4 main principles (refer to p. 272 in textbook)
o Distinguish among normal dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and
polygenic traits
 Be able to identify examples of each
o Explain the importance of meiosis
o Describe what happens during each phase of meiosis I and meiosis II
 Focus on what happens to the chromosomes
 Know when tetrad formation and crossing-over occurs
o Distinguish among the type and number of gametes formed in males vs. in females
o
o
o
 Know how many sperm, eggs, and polar bodies are formed from one meiosis division
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
 How many divisions
 How many cells produced (Are the cells formed genetically identical or different?)
 What types of cells undergo each process
 What is the purpose of each type of division
Explain what it means for genes to be linked
Explain what a gene map is
 Explain how the frequencies of crossing-over between genes can be used to create gene maps
Chapter 14-1 and 14-2: The Human Genome

Vocabulary: karyotype, sex chromosome, autosome, pedigree, sex-linked gene, non-disjunction

Know or be able to:
o Identify the types of human chromosomes in a karyotype
 Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes (how many total chromosomes in humans?)
o Explain what a karyotype is and what can be learned from it
 If given a karyotype, be able to provide information about it by analyzing it
o Explain how sex is determined (male vs. female)
o Explain how pedigrees are used to study human traits
 If given a pedigree, be able to provide information about it by analyzing it
o Explain what sex-linked disorders are and why they are more common in males
 Identify some sex-linked disorders
o Explain the process of X-chromosome inactivation
 Know what Barr body is and what it is formed from
o Summarize non-disjunction and the problems it causes
 Define monosomy (1 chromosome in a cell) and trisomy (3 chromosomes in a cell)
Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

Vocabulary: Nucleotide, base pairing, chromatin, histone, replication, DNA polymerase, gene, messenger
RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, transcription, RNA polymerase, promoter, intron, exon, codon,
translation, anticodon

Know or be able to:
o Know the components and structure of DNA
 What makes up the sides (backbone) of the DNA ladder
 What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder
o Identify the three parts of a nucleotide
o Identify which bases are pyrimidines and which bases are purines
o Know the following individuals and their contributions to the discovery of DNA as genetic material: Erwin
Chargaff, Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick
o Describe how DNA coils into a chromosome shape
 histones, nucleosomes, coils, supercoils, chromatin, chromosomes
o Understand how DNA is replicated
o Identify what enzymes are involved and explain their functions
o Explain why it is called semi-conservative replication based on the resulting DNA molecules formed
o Distinguish between DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function
o Identify the three types of RNA and explain their functions
o Describe the process of transcription
 Know what you start with and what you end with
 Know the role of promoters and mRNA in the process
 Know what enzyme is involved and what its function is
o Describe the process of RNA editing
 Distinguish between introns and exons
o Describe the process of translation
 Know what you start with and what you end with
 Know the roles of mRNA and tRNA in this process
o Know what codons and anticodons are and how they are involved in the process
o Explain how a protein is assembled based on the DNA code
 Know that 3 letters = 1 codon = 1 amino acid
o Given sequences, know how to transcribe and replicate another sequence
o
Types of mutations
 Know Chromosomal (whole genes) vs. point mutations (nucleotides)
Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Vocabulary: evolution, theory, fossil, Law of superposition, natural selection, artificial selection, acquired
characteristics, fitness, adaptation, struggle for existence, survival of the fittest, descent with modification,
common descent, homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigial structures, gradualism

Know or be able to:
o Charles Darwin’s contribution to science
o Darwin’s observations on the Voyage of the Beagle
o Ideas that shaped Darwin’s Thinking
 James Hutton: Gradualism
 Charles Lyell
 Thomas Malthus
 Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Theory of evolution (2 parts)
o Be familiar with natural selection and the factors that come into play.
o Be familiar with four types of evidence for evolution: fossil record, anatomy, embryology, and
biochemistry
Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations

Vocabulary: gene pool, relative frequency, single-gene trait, polygenic trait, directional selection, stabilizing
selection, disruptive selection, genetic drift, founder effect, Hardy-Weinberg principle, genetic equilibrium,
speciation, reproductive isolation, behavioral isolation, geographic isolation, temporal isolation

Know or be able to:
o
o
o
o
Gene pools and the graphs of a single gene trait vs. a polygenic trait
Figuring out relative frequency and using it to determine if evolution is occurring
Different types of selections and their graphs: directional, stabilizing, disruptive
Different types of reproductive isolations (behavioral, geographic, temporal, and speciation
Final Exam
Monday, June 13 at 9:45 am- 11:15 am