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Somatic and Special Senses
I.
Introduction
A.
Sensory receptors detect ______________________________________ and stimulate neurons to send
nerve impulses to the _____________________.
B.
II.
A sensation is formed based on the __________________________________.
Receptors and Sensations
A.
Five Types of Receptors
B.
1.
Receptors sensitive to changes in chemical concentration are called
________________________.
2.
_________________ receptors detect tissue damage.
3.
______________________________ respond to temperature differences.
4.
___________________________ respond to changes in pressure or movement.
5.
___________________________ in the eyes respond to light.
Sensations
1.
Sensations are ___________________ that occur when the brain interprets ____________
impulses.
2.
All sensory impulses travel towards _____________ and the resultant sensation is based on
which ______________________________________________ is stimulated.
3.
At the same time the sensation is being formed, the brain uses ____________________ to
send the sensation back to its ____________________________ so the person can pinpoint
the area of ______________________________.
C.
Sensory Adaptation
1.
During sensory adaptation, sensory impulses are sent at _____________________________
until receptors fail to send impulses unless there is a change in ___________________ of
the stimulus.
III.
Somatic Senses
A.
Receptors associated with the skin, _____________________, joints, and ________________
make up the ______________________ senses.
B.
Touch and Pressure Senses
1.
Free ends of sensory nerve fibers in the ______________________ tissues are associated
with ________________ and ________________________.
2.
____________________________ corpuscles are flattened connective tissue sheaths
surrounding ________________________ nerve fibers and are abundant in hairless areas
that are very sensitive to __________________, like the ____________.
3.
_________________________ corpuscles are large structures of ____________________
tissue and cells that detect ________________________________.
C.
Temperature Senses
1.
Temperature receptors include two groups of free nerve endings: ____________ receptors
(__________°C) and _____________ receptors (____________°C).
2.
Both heat and cold receptors ______________________________.
3.
Temperatures near _____o C stimulate ________________ receptors; temperatures below
_______o C also stimulate ____________________ receptors and produce a
_____________________________ sensation.
D. Sense of Pain
1.
Pain receptors consist of _________________________________ that are stimulated when
tissues are damaged, and ___________________________, if at all.
2.
_________________________________ pain receptors are the only receptors in the
_________________________ that produce sensations.
3.
Referred pain occurs because of the _______________________________________
leading from skin and internal organs.
4.
Pain Nerve Fibers
a.
__________________ pain fibers are thin, ____________________ fibers that carry
impulses ____________________ and _________________ when the stimulus
stops.
b.
____________________ pain fibers are thin, ____________________ fibers that
conduct impulses ____________________ and __________________ sending
impulses after the stimulus _____________.
5.
Pain impulses are conducted to the ____________________, ___________________, and
cerebral cortex.
6.
Regulation of Pain Impulses
a.
A person becomes aware of pain when impulses reach the ___________________,
but the cerebral cortex _____________________________ and location of the pain.
b.
Other areas of the brain regulate the flow of pain impulses from the spinal cord and
can trigger the release of ________________________ and _________________,
which inhibit the release of ________________________ in the spinal cord.
c.
_________________________ released in the brain (by the ___________________
and the ________________________) provide natural pain control
(_____________________).
Special Senses
I. Olfactory Sense
A.
The nose contains olfactory receptors.
1.
Olfactory receptors are located in the ___________________ portion of the __________
cavity.
2.
Olfactory receptors are _______________________ neurons
3.
Each receptor has a dendrite that terminates in several long cilia called
__________________________________.
4.
Olfactory hairs also move the ___________________ made by the capsule back to the
___________________________.
B.
How do we smell?
2. ______________________ molecules from substances dissolve in _____________ layer
(H2O soluble) to stimulate _____________________ cells.
3. Substances dissolve through ________________________ dendrite of the olfactory hair
(________________ soluble).
4. ___________________ energy from substances stimulates _______________ cells.
5. Signal is carried back through _______________________ axons (olfactory nerves) to
the __________________ bulbs; gray matter lying below _________________ lobes.
6. Impulses terminate in the ______________________________.
C.
Interesting facts:
2. Adaptation is ________________, but memory is ______________.
3. Branches of the trigeminal nerve innervate supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium.
a.
Trigeminal receives ____________, ___________, heat, _______________ and
pressure stimuli.
b.
Strong odors also stimulate _______________________ nerve, which results in
stimulation of nasa___________________ cells, as well as ____________ cells.
I.
Gustatory Sense (Taste)
A.
General Info:
1.
Taste buds are located on the tongue (in or on _____________________), on the
_____________ palate and in the ________________.
2.
Can only be stimulated by molecules in ___________________.
3.
Complete adaptation in __________________.
4.
Thresholds for tastes vary among the six primary tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, metallic
and umami-MSG)
a. Most sensitive to _________________
b. Least sensitive to __________ and _______________. Why? _________________
___________________________________________________________________
B.
How do we taste things?
1.
Dissolved substances stimulates the _______________________ cells (part of taste bud)
2.
Sensory neurons from the taste buds (come from 3 places) pass through the
___________, ________________________________ or ________________ nerves.
3.
All of the nerves go to the _________________-> Thalamus -> ______________ lobe of
cerebral cortex.
II. The Visual Sense (Optical)
A. Accessory Structures:
1.
Eye brow - protects eye from:
a.
_____________________ light.
b.
___________________ & other small falling debris.
c.
_____________________.
2. Eye lashes -protects eyes from ____________________.
3. Eye lids:
a.
____________________________ over eyes.
b.
_________________ eyes for sleep.
c.
_____________________ from foreign objects.
d.
Contains oil producing glands called, tarsal (____________________) glands.
4. Lacrimal Apparatus
a.
________________________ (tear) glands are located superior to the eye ball
b. Produces about _____ ml. per day.
c.
The composition and function of tears:
i.
Composition: ____________, salt, ____________, ________________
(bacterial enzyme).
ii.
Function: protection both __________________ and
___________________.
B.
The Eye Ball
1.
___________ inch in diameter
2.
Composed of ________________ layers
3.
_________________ Tunic (Outer Layer)
a.
_____________________
i.
Clear, protein
ii.
__________________ way for light
iii. ________ blood vessels - O2 from ___________.
iv. Nourished by ________________ & ____________________ humor
b.
___________________- white of the eye provides ____________ and protects
inner parts.
c.
Canal of _________________- located at the edge of the cornea and the sclera.
i.
________________________ pathway for aqueous humor.
ii.
Humor drains from the anterior cavity into the _____________________.
iii.
_____________________- an increased pressure in the eye caused by an
___________________________________ of aqueous humor.
4. Vascular Tunic (Middle Layer)
a. Choroid:
i.
Dark brown, highly ______________________________ layer.
ii.
________________________ the retina.
iii. _______________________ reflected light.
b. Ciliary Process and Ciliary Muscle
i.
Ciliary process produces ________________________________.
ii.
Ciliary muscle ______________ and ________________ the lens to adjust
for ____________ and ____________ vision.
iii.
With age the lens becomes less flexible and _________________________
results.
c. Iris - colored portion of eye
i.
controls the _____________________________________ entering the eye.
ii.
controlled by ________________ sets of muscles.
iii.
____________________ muscles ___________________ the pupils.
iv.
___________________ muscles _____________________ the pupils.
5. Nervous Tunic - Retina
a.
Responsible for __________________________________.
b.
_____________________ layer - absorbs _____________ light after it passes
through the ____________________ layer.
c.
Nervous layer (3 layers)
i.
Photoreceptive layer made of ___________ and ________________:
ii. Rods:

specialized for ______________________.

allows you to see ___________, ______________ and movement.

But cannot produce a clear, sharp, __________________ image.
iii. Cones:

work only in ______________ light.

Specialized to see ________________ and form a ___________ clear
image.

iv.
about ____________________ more rods than cones.
Bipolar Neuron Layer- a connection between _________________ layer
and the _____________________ layer.
v.
Ganglion layer - the axons of these neurons come together to form the
________________________________.
C. The Physics and Physiology of Vision
1.
Light must pass through the _____________, aqueous humor, pupil, ____________, and
______________________ humor before making an image on the ________________.
2.
As light passes through these different media it is ____________ (__________________)
several times.
3.
_____________________ muscles adjust the ______________ of the lens, so refracted
light either converges or diverges.
a.
4.
Iris muscles adjust to _____________________ the pupil.
a.
5.
This adjustment is “_______________________________.”
This helps keep the light source _____________________.
Light source strikes both retinas in __________________ spots, but as you move towards
a light source, then your eyes must rotate _________________ to form a _____________
image.
a.
This movement is called “______________________.”
D.
How the rods work:
E.
How Cones work:
1.
You have _____ different kinds of cones.
2.
Each kind of cone is sensitive to a different color wavelengths: short
(___________________) , medium (____________________) and long
(_____________________).
3.
Most of the cones are found on the central _______________ of the retina.
4.
Therefore, color vision is the consequence of _____________ stimulation of the 3 types
of cones. In a ______________________
5.
_____________________ – This is normal vision with functional L, M and S photo
pigments.
F. Vision Problems
1. A few types of color blindness
a. Anomalous ___________________: have 3 photopigments, but only from
__________________.
(i) ______________________: reduced red sensitivity as L shifts toward M.
(ii) ______________________: reduced green sensitivity as M shifts toward L (shown in
graph and is the most common)
(iii)_______________________: reduced blue sensitivity.
b. Dichromatic - Vision with only __________ cones. In the case of the graph, the M
pigment is missing entirely.
(i) __________________________: unable to receive red.
(ii) __________________________: unable to receive green.
(iii)__________________________: unable to receive blue.
c. Monochromatic (________________________) Vision with only one cone resulting in
the inability to perceive any colors.
2. Night blindness (nyctalopia)
a. Difficulty seeing in ________________________
b. Inability to make normal amount of ______________________.
c. Possibly due to deficiency of ____________________________.
3. Myopia - _______________________, caused by an eye ball that is too __________ from
front to back, therefore image forms in front of retina.
a. corrective lens (___________________) move the focal point back onto the retina.
4. _________________________ - far sightedness, caused by an eyeball that is too _________
a. How do we correct for this?
(i) ___________________________ - an irregular surface on the cornea or lens.
1. Parts of image out of focus.
(ii)
V. The Auditory Sense
A.
_______________________ -loss of elasticity in the lens due to aging
External Ear
1.
Function - ______________ sounds.
2.
Structures
a. __________________________ (pinna) - made of elastic cartilage covered by thin
_______________.
b. External Auditory canal – curved _____ tube of cartilage & ___________ leading
from auricle to __________________________ membrane.
i. _________________________ glands secrete ________________ (ear wax).
3.
Perforated eardrum (hole is present)
a. Symptoms include pain, ringing (______________________) hearing loss and
_________________________.
b. Caused by explosion, scuba diving or ear infections.
B.
Middle Ear
1.
It is an air filled chamber in the temporal bone that is bounded distally by the ear drum
(________________________ membrane) and medially by the ______________ and
_______________ windows.
2.
The middle ear joins with the nasopharynx via the ____________________________
______________ (auditory tube).
a.
Eustachian tube equalizes _______________________ on the tympanic
membrane with the exterior, __________________________pressure on the
eardrum.
3.
C.
The middle ear contains 3 small ______________________ (bones).
a.
______________ (hammer) attaches to tympanic membrane.
b.
The _______________, (anvil) located between the malleus and stapes
c.
The __________________ (stirrup) attaches to the oval window.
Inner Ear
1.
_________________________ - central portion of inner ear
a. Involved in ___________________ equilibrium.
2.
_________________________________________ (3) - project from the posterior end of
vestibule.
a. Involved in _______________________ equilibrium.
3.
_____________________ - bony, cone shaped structure
a.
Cochlear cavity has 3 chambers:
i. _________________________ duct, ____________________ duct and
_______________________ duct
ii. The vestibular and tympanic ducts are filled with ______________________.
iii. The cochlear duct is filled with ______________________ and contains the
_____________________________, which is responsible for hearing.
D. Physiology of Hearing
1.
______________________________ enter external auditory canal.
2.
Waves strike the _____________________ causing it to vibrate;
a. ________________ for low frequencies, ______________________ for high
frequencies.
3.
____________________ (connected to ear drum) begins to vibrate, which in turn vibrates
the ______________, and eventually the ___________________.
4.
Vibration of the stapes causes the ________________________ to move in and out.
5.
Movement of oval window causes ___________________ in the ___________________
of the vestibular duct.
6.
Pressure waves in the ______________________ push on the _____________________
membrane, which produces waves in the ____________________________ of the
_________________________ duct.
7.
Basilar membrane of the organ of corti moves up and down causing the hairs of the
receptor cells to rub against the tectorial membrane.
8.
Receptor cells in turn send signals to the brain which are translated into sounds.
E.
Cochlear Implants
1. If deafness is due to destruction of ________________________.
2. Microphone, microprocessor and electrodes translate sounds into ______________________
_____________________ of the _______________________________________ nerve.
3. Provides only a ___________________ representation of sounds.
F.
Deafness
1. Nerve deafness due to damage to hair cells from ____________________, high pitched
sounds, and _____________________ drugs.
a. The ____________________ the sound the __________________ the hearing loss.
b. Fail to notice until difficulty with ________________.
2. _______________________ deafness could be due to a perforated eardrum or otosclerosis.
G. Static Equilibrium
1) _______________________ of head in relationship to the force of gravity.
2) Involves the ____________________, within the ________________ and the
____________________ of the vestibule.
3) Physiology
a) The ___________________ has a bottom layer consisting of ____________ cells and
_________________ cells (secrete _____________________ layer).
b) The hair proecesses of the nerve cells are ________________ in the gelatinous layer that has
otoliths (_________________________________ crystals).
c) As the head tilts the crystals ________________________ the gelatinous layer which in turn
________________________________________ processes.
d) Movmement of the hair processes are ______________________ into ________________
tilt of the head.
.
G. Dynamic Equilibrium
1. Maintenance of body position in response to sudden movements like ________________,
_________________________ and deceleration.
2. Involves the ______________________________ located at the swollen portion at the
entrance to the ____________________________ canals.
a. Consists of receptor hair cells and supporting cells, with a gelatin layer
(________________) on top.
3. Physiology
a. When head moves, the ____________________ within the _______________________
ducts flow over the ________________.
b. It bends the ___________________ and the enclosed _____________________, which
generate a ____________________________________.
c. Depending on _____________________________ and how _______________________
will help the brain determine ________________ and direction of rotation.
II. Topic of Interest:Headache (p. 267)