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Unit 3 Biology Notes Name__________________ Unit 3 Objectives: Cells II 1. Describe the important functions of organic molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids 2. Explain how water is important to cells. 3. Describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain its importance in the transport of materials into and out of the cell. a. Phospolipid bilayer b. Carrier molecules c. Cell Membrane 4. Explain the purpose of cellular transport. 5. Define passive transport. a. Diffusion b. Osmosis 6. Describe how diffusion occurs and its importance in cell activity. 7. Describe how osmosis occurs and its importance in cell activity. 8. Given an example, be able to predict the direction of movement of materials through a membrane. 9. Define and describe forms of active transport and their importance in cell activity. a. Endocytosis b. Exocytosis 10. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. a. Examples b. Energy required c. Concentration gradient 11. Describe how cellular activity enables an organism to maintain homeostasis. 12. Explain the structure and function, or purpose, of an enzyme. 13. Describe the effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. 14. Review components of experimental design (see unit 1 objectives for criteria). Hypothesis Procedure Data Table Graph Conclusion Key Terms: Molecule Inorganic molecule Organic molecule Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Nucleic Acid Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Concentration Concentration gradient Equilibrium Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Cell Membrane Semi-permeable Phospholipid Carrier protein Homeostasis Enzyme Catalyst Substrate Active Site Unit 3 Biology Notes Organic Molecules Objective 1: Describe the important functions of organic molecules Organic Molecules: _________ atoms bonded to at least 1 _____________ atom. Frequently bonded to oxygen or other carbon atoms. Type of Organic Molecule Carbohydrate Lipid (Fat) Nucleic Acid Protein Function of the Organic Molecule Examples Water Objective 2: Explain how water is important to cells. Water Functions of Water (why water is important) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Turgor pressure (turgidity) = The pressure of the central vacuole in plant cells makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures such as leaves and flowers. 6. Cell Membrane Objective 3: Describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain its importance in the transport of materials into and out of the cell. (Phospolipid bilayer, Carrier molecules, Cell Membrane) The cell membrane is a ______________________________________________ that encloses the contents of the cell and _________________________________________________________________. Structure of the Cell Membrane: Primarily composed of a _________________________. ________________ are embedded in the bilayer. Picture of the Cell Membrane: The __________________________ of the cell membrane determines or ___________________________ what enters or leaves the cell. Cell Transport Objective 4: Explain the purpose of cellular transport. Objective 5: Define passive transport. (Diffusion & Osmosis) Objective 6: Describe how diffusion occurs and its importance in cell activity. Purpose of Cell Transport: Moves _____________ material into and throughout a cell Moves unneeded ______________ out of a cell Moves _________ _______________ out of a cell Passive Transport: the movement of material _________ or _________ a cell without the use of the cell’s _____________. Molecules move from a _________ to ________ concentration to reach _____________________. Diffusion: the movement of molecules from an area of ____________ concentration to an area of ___________ concentration to reach ______________. Vocab Words: Solute: the substance being _____________________ in a solution. Solvent: the substance _____________________________ in a solution. Concentration Gradient: the difference between the _________________ of a particular molecule in _________ and its ________________ in ______________. Equilibrium: when adjacent areas have an ________ concentration. There is ____________________ of molecules between the two areas. Each area is ______ with respect to the other. How does diffusion work? Diffusion occurs as a result of _________________________________________. All molecules are in _____________________, and it is the __________________ _____________ - kinetic energy - that drives diffusion. Molecules that are ________________________ collide more frequently and will spread to the _____________ concentration areas. Why is diffusion important to our cells? Diffusion is one way that materials _________cells and how some waste products _____________the cell. It is important in transporting __________, _____________ inorganic molecules such as __________, ___________, and __________________ in and out of the cell to maintain _____________________. Osmosis Objective 7: Describe how osmosis occurs and its importance in cell activity. Osmosis: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. How does osmosis work? Through ________________, water molecules pass through the ______________ in cell membranes towards the _____________ water concentration area. Why is osmosis important to our cells? Osmosis is important in transporting water _________________________ the cell membrane to maintain _____________________. Predicting Movement through a Membrane Objective 8: Given an example, be able to predict the direction of movement of materials through a membrane. 90% water 75% water 25% solutes A 90% water 95% water 5% solutes B 90% water 90% water 10% solutes C In A, water will ____________ the cell (_____% is greater than _____%) In B, water will ____________ the cell (_____% is greater than _____%) In C, the water concentrations are __________, so it is at _________________. Active Transport Objective 9: Define and describe forms of active transport and their importance in cell activity. (Endocytosis & Exocytosis) Active Transport: a type of cell transport in which ___________ is used to move large or charged molecules across the cell membrane. Reasons for Active Transport: 1. Materials need to be moved against the concentration gradient. (low concentration to high concentration) 2. Materials are too large to pass through the membrane by diffusion, or they are unable to pass through the membrane because of their charge. Passage of Material using Carrier Proteins: Carrier proteins and ___________ are used to pump ions and other molecules across the cell membrane. These ions or molecules can be pumped _____________ the concentration gradient. Bulk Movement: Large molecules are moved across the cell membrane by being packaged in large sacs. 2 types: endocytosis & exocytosis. Endocytosis: active transport processes that move large nutrients and materials ________ a cell Exocytosis: active transport processes that move large wastes and cellular products _________ a cell. Comparing and Contrasting Passive and Active Transport Objective 10: Compare and contrast active and passive transport. (Examples, Energy required, & Concentration gradient) How are passive transport and active transport alike? 1. Both are needed for the transport of certain molecules _____ and ________ the cell 2. Both are needed to help maintain ___________________. How are passive transport and active transport different? Passive Transport Direction of Particle Movement Energy Usage Characteristics of Molecules Transported Examples of Molecules Transported Active Transport Homeostasis Objective 11: Describe how cellular activity enables an organism to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis: ______________________________________________ **An organism is able to maintain homeostasis because of _______________________. **The external environment may change, but cells have mechanisms to keep the internal conditions the same. Examples of homeostasis at the cellular level: Examples of homeostasis at the organism level: kidneys-osmoregulation (balancing the amount of water and dissolved solutes) pancreas/liver- blood sugar body temperature regulation muscle contraction and relaxation - contributes to homeostasis by moving materials from one place to another (blood, food, urine, etc.) blood chemistry – pH of the blood, contents of blood respiration rate – increases as cells require more O2 heart rate – changes for various reasons, but primarily to pump more or less blood around the body as needed o more O2 required, heart rate increases o conserve energy, heart rate decreases o need to get chemical message somewhere fast, increase HR hormones – send messages to various cells buffers – regulate cell pH Etc.! Enzymes Objective 12: Explain the structure and function, or purpose, of an enzyme. Objective 13: Describe the effects of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. Catalyst: substance that ______________, ____________, and ________________ chemical reactions without being ____________ itself Enzyme: Characteristics: How do they work? o Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by ______________ the activation energy (energy needed to get a chemical reaction started). o Some enzymes cause compounds to _______________; others cause compounds to be _________. o Enzymes provide a way to _______________ life's essential functions _____________ raising the temperature of the organism's body and _____________ requiring more energy. Lock & Key: o Substrate: Active Site: Specificity: Work Quickly: Not changed: Enzyme Names: Denaturation: When an enzyme is exposed to ___________ heat or pH values, it can ___________________, called becoming denatured. It will no longer work the way it’s supposed to work. Experimental Design Objective 14: Review components of experimental design (see unit 1 objectives for criteria). Hypothesis Procedure Data Table Graph Conclusion