Download Cells as Molecular Factories

Review for Benchmark 1 Goals 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
Goal 1.1 Cells
1. Some cells in our bodies secrete proteins such as:
 protein enzymes that digest our food
 proteins that help our blood to clot
 protein hormones (e.g. insulin).
If you think of a cell as a factory that makes proteins and ships them out, which parts of the cell
accomplish each of the necessary functions?
Factory Function
What part of the cell
accomplishes this function?
Management -- sends out instructions
(DNA -- > RNA)
Step in protein synthesis:
Workbench -- makes products (proteins)
Step in protein synthesis:
Processing and Distribution -- prepares
products to leave factory/cell
Structure and Transport -- moves
proteins around in factory/cell
Security Fence with Gates -- controls what
comes into and leaves the factory/cell
Powerhouse -- provides energy in a form
the factory/cell can use (ATP)
Cleanup crew -- disposes of old and
worn out products and equipment
2. Cells also function as recycling plants that are constantly breaking down damaged organelles
and molecules and using the components to make replacement organelles and molecules. For
example, several organelles work together to dispose of and replace damaged protein molecules.
To explain how the cell recycles proteins, fill in each blank below with one of the following:
lysosome
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosome.
The damaged protein is brought to a _________________ where enzymes digest the protein into
amino acids which can be used to synthesize new proteins.
A new protein to replace the damaged protein is synthesized by a ___________________ .
The instructions for making the replacement protein are provided by a gene in the
____________________ .
The ATP molecules needed to provide the energy for protein synthesis are produced by the
____________________ .
3. In order for a cell to carry out its many functions, the molecules in the cell are constantly
moving. The first list below describes some ways that molecules move in cells, and the second
list includes several important types of molecules found in cells. Match each item in the first list
with a type of molecule from the second list; you may use each match more than once.
Carried in vesicles from the rough ER to the
Golgi apparatus to the plasma
membrane ____
Diffuses out of mitochondria where it is
synthesized ____
Emerges from ribosomes where it is
synthesized ____
Moves out of nucleus to ribosomes ____
a. ATP (energy)
b. DNA
c. protein
d. RNA
5. Describe 3 differences between the animal and plant cell below.
6. Draw a prokaryotic cell and describe 3 differences between it and the eukaryotic cells above.
7. How do cells in an embryo differentiate into specialized cells? Why do they go through this
process?
8. Put the following levels of organization in order from smallest to largest: tissue, organ
system, organ, cell, organism.
Goal 1.2.1 Homeostasis
9. Match the following descriptions with the methods of homeostasis:
____
Blood glucose levels rise and fall
a. temperature
____
Too much water moves into a protist
b. ADH
____
Blood vessels constrict or dialate
c. insulin and glucagon
____
Kidneys are told to conserve water
d. Contractile vacuole
____
Blood becomes too acidic or basic
e. buffers
10. Draw a small section of the plasma membrane and label the phospholipid bilayer and carrier
proteins.
11. Label the terms below as either active or passive transport.
Movement of materials from high to low concentration
Movement of materials from low to high concentration
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Energy required
No Energy Required
Carrier protein always required
12. A saltwater euglena cell is placed in freshwater. What will happen to that cell? Why?
13. A freshwater plant is placed in a marine environment. What will happen to that cell? Why?
14. Describe how an amoeba eats.
Goal 1.2.2 Mitosis
15. Draw the cell cycle and label G1, S, G2, M, and Interphase.
16. Put the following pictures of mitosis in order and describe what is happening in each.
17. What happens when mitosis is out of control?
Goal 1.2.3 Cellular Adaptations
18. Name each picture of protist below and write 2 adaptations that each has. How will each help
them to survive?
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Goal 3.1 DNA and Protein Synthesis
19. On the picture label a nucleotide, sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base,
backbone and hydrogen bonds.
20. Describe DNA replication.
21. Label the following as DNA or RNA:
Deoxyribose sugar
ribose sugar
1 strand
2 strands
Uracil
replication
Thymine
transcription
G-C
found in nucleus
A-U
found all over cell
A-T
stores codes to make proteins
22.
CCG
TAG
ACC
GCT
Replicate
Transcribe
Translate
Find tRNA
23. Label Transcription, Translation, nucleus, ribosome, DNA, mRNA, tRNA, amino acid,
polypeptide.
24. From the sequence in 22 show a substitution (point) mutation and a frameshift mutation.
How are the proteins of each affected?
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