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Transcript
I Form Science Review for Cells/Chemestry test Test covers: Chap. 1 pgs. 35-37; Chap 2 pgs. 43-56 All notes and handouts from material covered in class Biochemistry 1. element – made of a single kind of atom a. can’t be broken down by simple means b. example – Oxygen (O), Helium (He) 2. molecule – two or more elements or atoms combined a. may or may not be the same element b. example – Oxygen (O2), Salt (NaCl) 3. compound – two or more different elements combined a. all compounds are molecules, not all molecules are compounds b. example – Carbon dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O) 4. atom- the smallest and most basic unit of matter 5. catalyst- a substance that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction without being used up by the reaction. Inorganic Compounds – do not usually contain carbon, simple and small Example- H2O, CO2 (exceptions to the rule are Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide) Organic Compounds – must contain carbon, large and complex, come from living things Example- C6 H12 O6 -The properties or characteristics of a compound are determined by both the type and proportion of the atoms in that compound. 5 Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates – energy, made of starches and sugars (C,H,O) 2 to1 H to O ratio 2. Lipids (fats & oils)– energy storage, (C,H,O) 3. Proteins – building blocks made of amino acids (C,H,O,N) 4. Enzymes – proteins that act as catalysts 5. Nucleic Acids – information storage DNA, RNA, chromosomes, genes Cell Structure (Organelles) 1. Cell Wall – (plant cells only) protects and supports plant cells 2. Cell Membrane – doorway of cells (controls what goes in & out) 3. Cytoplasm – semi solid/semi liquid material inside of cells (supports other organelles) 4. Nucleus – control center of cells, contains DNA and nucleolus 5. Nuclear Membrane – surrounds and protects nucleus, has pores 6. Chromosome – directs all activities of the cell (DNA) 7. Nucleolus – makes ribosomes 8. Endoplasmic Reticulum – transportation system of cell a. Smooth ER – makes and stores steroids b. Rough ER – transports proteins made by ribosomes that are attached 9. Ribosomes – make proteins 10. Mitochondria – supply energy for cell 11. Vacuoles – store food, water, waste, and nutrients 12. Lysosomes – (animal cells only) digest food for mitochondria and old cell parts to be recycled 13. Golgi Apparatus – package simple molecules into large molecules for use and storage 14. Chloroplasts – (plant cells only) convert sunlight into energy for plant cells Cell Organization – Simple to Complex (Simplest) Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism (Most Complex) Endosymbiosis: theory of how organelles may have at one time been cells that developed a mutual symbiotic relationship within another cell. (This may be why mitochondria have DNA) Molecules to know! Water H2O Hydrogen gas Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Salt CO2 CO NaCl Oxygen gas H2 Glucose C6H12O6 Sucrose C12H22O11 Nitrogen gas N2 O2 Cell Theory -three parts -all cell come from other cells -all living things are made of cells -cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all life Scientists -Hooke: named cells after looking at cork -Van Leeuwenhoek: made a simple microscope to look at cells -Schleiden: declared that all plants are made of cells -Schwann: declared that all animals are made of cells -Virchow: declared that cells come from other living cells