Download Cell Structure (Organelles)

I Form Science Review for Cells/Chemestry test
Test covers: Chap. 1 pgs. 35-37; Chap 2 pgs. 43-56
All notes and handouts from material covered in class
Biochemistry
1. element – made of a single kind of atom
a. can’t be broken down by simple means
b. example – Oxygen (O), Helium (He)
2. molecule – two or more elements or atoms combined
a. may or may not be the same element
b. example – Oxygen (O2), Salt (NaCl)
3. compound – two or more different elements combined
a. all compounds are molecules, not all molecules are compounds
b. example – Carbon dioxide (CO2), Water (H2O)
4. atom- the smallest and most basic unit of matter
5. catalyst- a substance that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction without
being used up by the reaction.
Inorganic Compounds – do not usually contain carbon, simple and small
Example- H2O, CO2 (exceptions to the rule are Carbon dioxide and Carbon monoxide)
Organic Compounds – must contain carbon, large and complex, come from living things
Example- C6 H12 O6
-The properties or characteristics of a compound are determined by both the type and
proportion of the atoms in that compound.
5 Organic Compounds
1. Carbohydrates – energy, made of starches and sugars (C,H,O) 2 to1 H to O
ratio
2. Lipids (fats & oils)– energy storage, (C,H,O)
3. Proteins – building blocks made of amino acids (C,H,O,N)
4. Enzymes – proteins that act as catalysts
5. Nucleic Acids – information storage DNA, RNA, chromosomes, genes
Cell Structure (Organelles)
1. Cell Wall – (plant cells only) protects and supports plant cells
2. Cell Membrane – doorway of cells (controls what goes in & out)
3. Cytoplasm – semi solid/semi liquid material inside of cells (supports other
organelles)
4. Nucleus – control center of cells, contains DNA and nucleolus
5. Nuclear Membrane – surrounds and protects nucleus, has pores
6. Chromosome – directs all activities of the cell (DNA)
7. Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
8. Endoplasmic Reticulum – transportation system of cell
a. Smooth ER – makes and stores steroids
b. Rough ER – transports proteins made by ribosomes that are attached
9. Ribosomes – make proteins
10. Mitochondria – supply energy for cell
11. Vacuoles – store food, water, waste, and nutrients
12. Lysosomes – (animal cells only) digest food for mitochondria and old cell parts to
be recycled
13. Golgi Apparatus – package simple molecules into large molecules for use and
storage
14. Chloroplasts – (plant cells only) convert sunlight into energy for plant cells
Cell Organization – Simple to Complex
(Simplest) Cell  Tissue  Organ  Organ System  Organism (Most Complex)
Endosymbiosis: theory of how organelles may have at one time been cells that developed
a mutual symbiotic relationship within another cell. (This may be why mitochondria
have DNA)
Molecules to know!
Water
H2O
Hydrogen gas
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Salt
CO2
CO
NaCl
Oxygen gas
H2
Glucose C6H12O6
Sucrose C12H22O11
Nitrogen gas
N2
O2
Cell Theory -three parts
-all cell come from other cells
-all living things are made of cells
-cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all life
Scientists
-Hooke: named cells after looking at cork
-Van Leeuwenhoek: made a simple microscope to look at cells
-Schleiden: declared that all plants are made of cells
-Schwann: declared that all animals are made of cells
-Virchow: declared that cells come from other living cells