Download File - Kirkwall Grammar School

Kirkwall Grammar School
Higher Human Biology
Unit 1: Human Cells
Key Areas 6-8
Name
____________________
Class
____________________
Teacher____________________
KEY AREA 6 – METABOLIC PATHWAYS
6a) Metabolic Pathways
1.
Define Metabolism
2.
What happens in metabolic pathways?
3.
What is the difference between an Anabolic and a Catabolic Pathway?
4.
Complete the diagram
2
6b) Activation Energy
1.
Define “Rate of a Chemical Reaction?
2.
What is the Activation Energy?
3.
What is the Transition State?
4.
Complete the graphs
Graph to show ____________________________________
Graph to show ____________________________________
3
6c) Catalysts, Enzymes & Activation Energy
1.
State 3 facts about Catalysts
2.
State 3 facts about Enzymes
6d) Enzyme Specificity
1.
State the importance of the enzyme’s active site
2.
What is meant by the term “specific” in relation to enzymes?
3.
Describe how the enzyme becomes “free” to repeat the reaction again
4
6e) Active Site Induced Fit
1.
What is meant by the term Induced Fit in relation to an enzyme?
2.
Complete the diagram below
5
6f) Orientation of Reactants
1.
What determines the shape of the orientation of the reactants?
2.
Complete the diagram below
6
6g) Factors affecting Enzyme Action
1State five factors that may affect enzyme action
6h) Enzymes and Substrate Concentration
Explain the relationship between the rate of the reaction and substrate
concentration in terms of the enzymes active sites
7
6i) Control of Metabolic Pathways by presence/absence of enzymes
1.
State 3 ways that enzymes can control metabolic pathways?
2.
Name the types of signal molecules that can regulate metabolic
pathways?
3.
What determines the direction of a chemical reaction?
6j) Control of Enzymes by Gene Expression
1.
What is gene expression?
2.
An example of gene expression is Lactose metabolism in E.coli
Describe this example
8
6k) Lac Operon : Absence of Lactose
Describe what happens if lactose is absent
9
6l) Lac Operon : Presence of Lactose
Describe what happens if lactose is present
10
6m) Control of Enzyme Action – Signal Molecules
1.
What are signal molecules?
2.
Give an example of a signal molecule
3.
What is the difference between an intracellular and an extracellular
signal molecule?
6n) Control of Enzyme Action – Inhibitors
1.
What is an inhibitor?
2.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
3.
How can competitive inhibition be reversed?
11
6o) Control of Enzyme Action – Inhibitors
1.
State 3 facts about Non-competitive inhibitors?
2.
Complete the diagram
12
6p) Control of Enzyme Action – Regulators
1.
What name is given to a non-active site of an enzyme?
2.
What affect does a regulatory molecule have on the non-active site of
an enzyme?
3.
State what happens to the enzyme if the regulatory molecule is an
activator?
4.
State the relationship between number of activator molecules and the
enzyme reaction rate?
5.
What happens if the regulatory molecule is a competitive inhibitor?
6.
State the relationship between number of competitive inhibitor
molecules and the enzyme reaction rate?
13
6q) Control of Enzyme Action – Regulators
1.
Describe feedback inhibition?
KEY AREA 6 – Metabolism and Enzymes
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 85
Q’s 1-4
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 2 Page 96
Q’s 1-4
3.
Quick Quiz
14
KEY AREA 7 – CELLULAR RESPIRATION
7a) Role of ATP
1.
What is Cellular Respiration?
2.
When is energy released from ATP?
3.
Draw a molecule of ATP
4.
State the Phosphorylation Reaction
7b) Role of ATP
1.
Why is ATP so important?
2.
Why do humans not need a vast store of ATP?
15
3.
Complete the diagram
7c) Cellular Respiration
1.
Define Cellular Respiration
2.
State the 3 stages involved in Cellular Respiration
16
7d) Glycolysis
List the steps involved in Glycolysis
Enzyme
Phosphofructokinase
Function
Dehydrogenase
17
7e) Glycolysis
Complete the Glycolysis Diagram
18
7f) Citric Acid Cycle
List the steps involved in the Citric Acid Cycle
Enzyme
Dehydrogenase
Function
19
7g) Citric Acid Cycle
Complete the Citric Acid Cycle Diagram
20
7h) Electron Transport System
List the steps involved in the Electron Transport System
Enzyme
ATP Synthase
Function
21
7i) Electron Transport System
Electron Transport System Diagram
22
7j) Substrates for Respiration
Complete the table on substrates used for Respiration and their fates
Substrates
Fate
7k) Regulation of Cellular Respiration Pathways
1.
How does a cell conserve ATP?
2.
What happens if a cell produces more ATP than it needs?
3.
How is the rate of Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle controlled?
23
7l) Regulation of Cellular Respiration Pathways
Complete the diagram
KEY AREA 7 – Cellular Respiration
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
2.
Quick Quiz
Page 106
Q’s 1-3
24
KEY AREA 8 – ENERGY SYSTEMS
8a) Energy Systems in muscle cells
1.
What is the high energy chemical that muscles require?
2.
What do muscle cells break down ATP into?
3.
Where does the energy come from for a repeated store of energy for
repeated muscle contraction?
4.
What happens during strenuous muscular activity?
5.
How long can the creatine phosphate system support muscle activity?
25
8b) Creatine Phosphate System
Complete the diagram
26
8c) Lactic Acid Metabolism (Anaerobic Respiration)
1.
What happens if intense muscle activity continues after the creatine
phosphate store has depleted?
2.
In Anaerobic Respiration, what is the only stage that can occur?
3.
What is Pyruvate broken down into?
4.
When does the oxygen debt get repaid?
8d) Lactic Acid Metabolism (Anaerobic Respiration)
Complete the diagram
27
8e) Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibres
1.
Name the 2 types of skeletal muscle fibres?
2.
Complete the table below
Feature
Slow Twitch
Type 1
Fast Twitch
Type 2
Muscle contraction
speed
Length of time for
which contraction lasts
Speed at which fibre
becomes fatigued
Respiratory pathways to
make ATP
Number of mitochondria
Blood supply
Concentration of
myoglobin in cells
Storage fuels used
Activities
28
KEY AREA 8 – Energy Systems
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 2
Page 116
2.
What You Should Know
Page 117
3.
Quick Quiz
Q’s 1-4
29