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Transcript
Cytology Branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells! Cells - History • 1590 Zach Janssen – Invented crude microscope • 1650 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek - credited with first microscope • 1665 *Robert Hooke – viewed “cells” of a cork, credited with discovering building blocks of life Cells - History • 1838 • • • • Matthias Schleiden- discovered all plants were made of cells 1839 Theodore Schwann – discovered all animals were made of cells 1855 Rudolph Virchow – stated all living things come from other living things (cells come from other cells) Years of work and research to discover! Needed technology to make progress! Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells. • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms. • All cells come from other cells Two types of cells: Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic No nucleus/nuclear membrane Nucleus/nuclear membrane Ex. Monera-Bacteria Ex. Protist, Fungi Plant, Animal Plant Cell Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Cytoplasm Chromosomes Microtubules Animal Cell Nuclear membrane Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromosomes Microtubules Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Organelles: Specialized parts of the cell Cell membrane (Security doors): Outer boundary that allows only certain material to pass in and out • In - food, oxygen • Out - Waste Cytoplasm: Gel-like material inside membrane, contains a lot of water, surrounds the structures called organelles, constantly moving Microtubules: Support internal cell structure (cytoskeleton) Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Endoplasmic Reticulum (conveyor belt): Winding channels that moves material around cell, extends from nucleus to cell membrane. Ribosomes land here Ribosomes: Make proteins, land on ER (get orders from nucleus) Golgi Bodies (packager): Stacks of flat sacs, that process, package and secrete materials Mitochondria (power plant): Supplies energy to cell by undergoing respiration (use oxygen & sugar to make “E”). CO2 & water are waste. Vacuoles (warehouse): Sac-like storage space for food, water, waste. Can take up 90% volume of cell. Vacuole Common Animal & Plant Cell Features Nucleus Features Nucleus (control center): Control center for cells activities, large organelle in cytoplasm, contains the genetic material (DNA, proteins) Nuclear membrane: surrounds nucleus, controls material flow in and out of nucleus Nucleolus: makes the ribosome parts Chromosomes: contains DNA, passes on genetic info Nuclear membrane Chromosomes Nucleoplasm Animal Cell Feature Lysosomes (lunchroom & garbage cans): Organelle that contains chemicals (enzymes) that digest food, disease-causing bacteria, and worn out cell parts. Plant Cell Feature Cell Wall Cell Wall (walls): Outer, rigid structure that supports and protects plant cell. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts(solar panel): Contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy and convert to chemical energy (sugar) through process called photosynthesis (Plant take Light+ CO2 +H2O to form Sugars + O2) Cells • Organelles (cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, etc.) are all made up of molecules. • Molecules are made up of atoms! Cells • Cells are made up of 2 types of compounds: – Organic Compounds contain carbon (make up the food and cell membranes) – Inorganic compounds contain no carbon. Water (H2O is the most important! Living Organisms Made of 4 Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates - supply energy Ex. Sugars, starches, cellulose 2. Lipids - store and release more “Energy” Ex. Fats, oils, wax 3. Proteins – build cell parts Ex. Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions 4. Nucleic Acids – store information Ex. DNA –carry info for cells activities Ex. RNA – carry info for making proteins & enzymes