Download Exam 3/Final Exam Study Guide

Exam 3 Study Guide
Thursday, August 16th 10:50am-1:00pm
6 short answer questions – 50 points
 No complete sentences required
 Variable points (denoted next to the question)
 You may draw structures and pictures as needed
1 short essay – 40 points
 All possible questions given below
44 multiple choice questions
 2.5 points each
Plus bonus questions!
Lecture Breakdown
 Multiple choice and short answer questions from
previous exams – 30%
 Of the remaining questions…
o Lecture 15 – 20%
o Lecture 16 – 25%
o Lecture 17 – 15%
o Lecture 18 – 5%
o Lecture 19 – 15%
o Lecture 20 – 20%
Example questions
1. Briefly describe the race to complete the human genome. Include descriptions of the
government-funded group, the privately-funded group, the people involved, and the
differences in the sequencing techniques. Recommended viewing.
2. In 1987, Genentech was the first company to create a biologic through genetic engineering
of E. coli. They inserted the human eukaryotic gene for insulin production into the
prokaryote, which caused the bacteria to produce insulin. They then purified the insulin,
packaged it, and sold it as a drug. However, in order to have the gene accurately expressed
they had to do a couple modifications. What might those modifications have been like? Use
the terms introns, exons, splicing, 5’ cap, and poly-A tail.
3. What are the four phases of clinical trials and their characteristics?
4. What is bt toxin? What is it used for, and how does it work?
5. You are treating a patient who has recently severed their spinal cord. What sort of
treatment would be best to give them to improve their long-term quality of life?
a. Morphine or other opiods to eliminate pain
b. Gene therapy to trigger genes that control cell division in neural cells
c. A monoclonal antibody regimen that would target and destroy the damaged neural
cells
d. An injection of human neural stem cells to regrow damaged neural cells
6. Which of these is NOT a trait we would genetically engineer into plants?
a. Herbicide resistance
b. Production of pesticides
c. Increased taste or nutrition
d. Crop yield
e. Carcinogenicity
7. Which of the following is NOT an advantage for induced pluripotent stem cells?
a. They are probably not immunogenic to their host
b. They may not be equivalent to embryonic stem cells
c. There are few political and ethical objections to their use in research
d. They were created using retroviral transformation and therefore contain
retroviral elements in their genome
Possible short essay questions
1. How does a cell transcribe information from DNA to RNA in eukaryotes? Use the following
terms:
 RNA polymerase
 Transcription
 Introns, exons
 Initiation, elongation, termination
 RNA splicing
 Promoter
 preMRNA
 TATA box
 5’ cap, Poly-A tail
 Transcription factors
2. How does a cell translate information from RNA to protein in eukaryotes? Use the following
terms:
 Stop and start signals
 Codon
 Release factor
 Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
 Initiation, elongation, termination
 Ribosome
 Methionine
 Small subunit, large subunit
 tRNA
 EPA
 Anticodon
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Draw or explain the process of DNA replication. Include the following terms:
Helicase
 Leading strand
DNA polymerase
 Lagging strand
RNA primase
 Initiation, elongation,
termination
DNA Ligase
 Origin of replication
Okazaki fragment
BIOL 211 Spring 2012
Vocabulary
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Central dogma of molecular biology
Helicase
DNA polymerase
RNA primase
Topoisomerase
DNA ligase
Origin of replication
Initiation, elongation, termination
Mismatch repair
Nucleotide Excision repair
Mechanism of telomere shortening
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RNA world
Ribozyme
Out of Africa hypothesis
Mitochondrial Eve
Haplogroup, haplotype
Craig Venter, Francis Collins
NIH, Celera, Human Genome Project
One gene, one protein hypothesis
Exons, introns
Alternative splicing
HERVs
Pseudogenes
LINEs, SINEs
Transposons, retrotransposons
ALU elements
Microsatellites
Carcinogen
Mutagen
Point mutation
Silent mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Frameshift mutation
Indel
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Post-translational modification
Glycosylation
Chaperonins
Antibiotics
Polyribosomes
Stop signals
Release factor
Translation
Initiation, elongation, termination
Methionine
tRNA
Anticodon
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Ribosome
Small subunit, large subunit
EPA
Spliceosomes
Alternative splicing
Introns, exons
RNA splicing
preMRNA
5’ cap, Poly-A tail
Transcription
Initiation, elongation, termination
Promoter
Enhancer
TATA box
-10 and -35 sequences
Transcription factors
Sigma factor
RNA polymerase
Degenerate code
Codon
Template strand
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Small-molecule, biologic
Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, iPSCs
Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
Antibodies
Gene therapy
Publish or perish
Preclinical development
Clinical Trials phases I-IV
In vivo, in vitro, in silico
FDA
Valley of death
Blockbuster drugs
“Me too” drugs
Drug development pipeline
Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, iPSCs
– Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
Gene therapy
Vector
Immunogenesis, tumorigenesis
bt toxin
Ti plasmid
Biolistics
Roundup
Biofuels
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BIOL 211 Spring 2012
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1st generation, 2nd generation, 3rd
generation biofuels
Ethanol biofuels
Biodiesel
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Cloning
DNA cloning, therapeutic cloning,
reproductive cloning
Dolly the sheep