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Types of Learning Habituation: simple type: progressive decrease in response. Classical conditioning: classic S-R connective associations. Operant conditioning: associations between response and reinforcement. Observational learning: see and (may) do; Reinforcement secondary to learning. Learning Alteration in behavior/understanding as result of an encountered experience. Excludes effects due to factors such as fatigue, drugs, maturation, disease, injury. Habituation Is a decrease in R (response) to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented. A two step process: Orienting response— attention is directed toward the object. Habituate— a decrease in the orienting response. Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Basic-- Unconditioned Response (reflex). UCS-- unconditioned stimulus (natural). UCR-- unconditioned response (elicited) by UCS). UCS---------------->UCR. Classical Conditioning Conditioned Response-- pair a “neutral” stimulus with UCS. CS + UCS UCR Repeat pairing n times. CSCR It is now a learned response. Associated Phenomena (Applies to Operant Conditioning As Well) Extinction Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination: additional learning Spontaneous Recovery Arrangement Effects Acquisition Delayed: UCS------------------>UCR CS----------------------- Trace: UCS ---------->UCR CS------ Simultaneous: UCS------------------>UCR CS ----------------- Backward UCS-----CS ---------->UCR Operant Conditioning First identified by Thorndike in law of effect- responses which produce satisfying results strengthen stimulus-response (SR) connections. Puzzle box-- cats. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Skinner Box Operant-- an emitted response R S(box) R-----> reinforcer R repeat n times S-------->R (learned behavior) Reinforcement-- a Stimulus Which Increases Probability of Response Constant/continuous:be havior reinforced for every “correct” response Partial/intermittent: Variation in reinforcement for each “correct” response Leads to rapid acquisition Leads to increased resistance to extinction Partial/Intermittent Ratio-- based on number of responses Interval- based on time between responses Ratio or interval: either schedule can be fixed or variable Fixed-- constant pattern Variable-- irregular pattern Reinforcement: behavior is determined by its consequences Positive reinforcement: when added (by that R), strengthens occurrence of R. Negative reinforcement: when removed (by that R), strengthens the occurrence of R Both have effect of increasing occurrence of R Positive: Negative: Praise Money Tokens (token economy) candy/food Withdrawal of shock nagging anxiety Punishment -- Elimination of R (outcome of R is unfavorable). Transient effect. Produces anxiety, stress, dislike of punishing. Effects less predictable. Reinforcement vs. Punishment 1. 2. Reinforcement: acquisition. Punishment: elimination. The behavior results in: Positive: add or introduce element. Negative: element is withdrawn. Reinforcement vs. Punishment + Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable. + Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable. - Reinforcement = behavior produces ST desirable. - Punishment = behavior produces ST undesirable. Reinforcement vs. Punishment Positive: Rein = increased probability acquisition. Pun = decreased probability of repetition. Negative: Rein = increased probability acquisition. Pun = decreased probability of repetition. Observational Learning Model (acting) + observer = learned R. Occurs w/o reinforcement. Reinforcement may facilitate performance (not learning). Bobo doll: aggressive behavior. Some watched, others did not; Later were frustrated in same room. Observational Learning Results: Similar, but 3 IV conditions live model filmed model cartoon model DVs: amount aggressive behavior; specificity of R Processes Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation Reciprocal Determinism Interaction cause-effect model of behavior P (beliefs, motives, disposition) E (rewards, structure) B (behavior of P) Each interact with the other to produce behavior