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HONORS BIOLOGY
SEMESTER I EXAM
REVIEW B 2012
CHAPTER 4
•CELLS
#1 Who first devised the
microscope?
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•
Pasteur
Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Virchow
• ANSWER: Leeuwenhoek
#2 Who first coined the word
“cells?”
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•
•
•
Pasteur
Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Virchow
• ANSWER: Hooke
#3 Which microscope(s) can view
living organisms up to 1,000 times?
• A. LM
• B. SEM
• C. TEM
• ANSWER: LM
#3 Which microscope(s) can view
organisms up to 1,000,000 times?
• A. LM
• B. SEM
• C. TEM
• ANSWER: both SEM and TEM
How big is one cell’s length?
•
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A. 1 mm
B. 0.5 mm
C. 2 mm
D. 0.05 mm
• ANSWER: 0.5 mm
When you first find an object on
a slide with the microscope,
• Where do you put the stage?
• All the way up to the objective
• Which objective do you use first?
• Lowest 4X
#5 What is the total
magnification?
• If the eyepiece is 10X and the objective is
40X?
•
A. 40X
• B. 50X
• C.400X
• ANSWER: C
#6 How big is one cell’s length?
•
•
•
•
A. 1 mm
B. 0.5 mm
C. 2 mm
D. 0.05 mm
• ANSWER: 0.5 mm
#7
• What is the high field diameter if the low
field diameter is 4000 µm, the low
magnification is 40X, and the high
magnification is 400X?
• A. 1600 µm
• B. 400 µm
• C. 160 µm
• ANSWER: b
#8 How do you make a wet
mount?
•
•
•
•
Object on slide
Drop of water
Cover slip
Tap out air bubbles
#9 What happens to the surface
to area ratio…
• As the cell gets larger.
• A. it increase
• B. decreases
• C. stays the same
• ANSWER: B
#10
• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ
in where their DNA is found?
• ANSWER:
prokaryotes-found in nucleoid
• Eukaryotes-found in nucleus
#10
• Which are usually bigger cells:
prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
• ANSWER: eukaryotes
#10
• What structures are common to both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
• ANSWER: cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA,
cell membrane
#11 Put in order from smallest to
largest:
• Mitochondrion
vesicle
ribosome nucleus
• ANSWER: (smallest) ribosome
Vesicle
Mitochondrion
Nucleus (largest)
#12
• What is the difference between unicellular
and multicellular organisms?
• ANSWER: unicellular are made of only
one cell
• Multicellular are made of two or more cells
#13
• How is chromatin related to DNA?
• ANSWER: chromatin is loose DNA +
protein
#14
• Where is the nucleolus and where is it
found?
• ANSWER:
• Inside the nucleus, it makes ribosomes
• Does it have a membrane around it?
ANSWER:
• No
#15
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•
•
•
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Ribosomes:
Where found:
Free in cytoplasm and bound to RER
Relative size:
Smallest organelle
Job:
Assemble proteins
#16
• What are the 2 kinds of ER and their
functions:
• ANSWER:
• SER: synthesise lipids, detoxify drugs and
alcohol, store Ca ions
• RER: assemble proteins, make membrane
proteins
•
#17
• What does the Golgi receive from the
RER?
• Proteins
• How does this material get to the Golgi?
• Vesicles
• What does the Golgi do to this material?
Repackages and modifies it
#18
• Lysosomes contain what material to do
their job?
Hydrolytic enzymes
• What is their job?
Breakdown broken cell parts and digest
food
#19
• Water vacuole have what function?
ANSWER:
• Store water, minerals (CELL SAP)
• Why are water vacuoles so large in
plants?
• ANSWER:
• To maintain turgidity
#20
What structures can be found in
animal cells but not in plant cells?
•
•
•
•
A. centrioles and cilia
B. chloroplasts and flagella
C. capsule and cell wall
D. cell wall and chloroplasts
• ANSWER: A
•
•
•
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#20 What structures can be found
in plant cells but not in animal
cells?
A. centrioles and cilia
B. chloroplasts and flagella
C. capsule and cell wall
D. cell wall and chloroplasts
• ANSWER: D
#21 What do eukaryotic cells have
that prokaryotic cells do not?
•
•
•
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A. plasma membrane
B. nucleus
C. cell wall
D. flagellum
• ANSWER: B
#21 In which cells would you find
these organelles?
• A. mitochondrion
• Plant and animal
• B. ribosomes
• All cells (plant,
animal and
prokaryote)
#22
• How are microtubules
and microfilaments
different?
• Microtubules are
thicker, used to make
cilia, flagella,
centrioles
• Microfilaments are
thinner, used to make
actin (in muscles)
•
•
•
•
#22 Microtubules and
microfilaments are both part of a
cell’s…
A. nucleus
B. cytoskeleton
C. endomembrane
D. endoplasmic reticulum
• ANSWER: B
#22
• What is the difference
between a
centrosome and a
centriole?
• Centrosomes are the
MTOC (microtubule
organizing center)
• Centrioles are
microtubules used in
cell division
#22
• What is the purpose of the intermediate
filaments?
• ANSWER:
• To connect the microtubules and
microfilaments. For cell support.
#23
• Going out of the prokaryotic cell from the
cytoplasm, what is the correct order of
layers?
ANSWER:
• Plasma membrane – cell wall - capsule
#24
• What two organelles make up the
endosymbiont theory?
• ANSWER:
• Mitochondrion and chloroplast
How about this one: What is the
job of centrioles?
•
•
•
•
A. protect the cell
B. cell movement
C. cell division
D. DNA
• C. cell division
#25
• Trace the path of protein from the template of
DNA to mRNA through the nuclear envelope,
ribosomes to the RER, vesicles carrying proteins
to the Golgi, and secreted out of the cell. (Oh, I
already did!)
#26
• What is the ECM?
• ANSWER:
• Extracellular matrix
• What is it made of?
• ANSWER:
• Glycoproteins, mostly collagen
#26
• What do the integrins connect?
• ANSWER:
• They are proteins in the plasma
membrane that span the membrane
connecting the ECM outside the cell and
the microfilaments inside the cell.
#27
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Match the cell junctions:
A. gap
1. make a seal
B. tight
2. act as rivets, sheets
C. anchoring
3. communicating
#27
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Match the cell junctions:
A. gap
1. make a seal
B. tight
2. act as rivets, sheets
C. anchoring
3. communicating
MATCH
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A. cellulose
B. lignin
C. pectin
D. plasmodesmata
• 1. channels between
plant cells
• 2. rigid molecules in the
secondary wall
• 3. sticky glue
polysaccharide to hold
cells together
• 4. polysaccharide of
glucose in plant cell walls
• A. cellulose
MATCH
• 4. polysaccharide of
• glucose in plant cell walls
• B. lignin
• C. pectin
• D. plasmodesmata
• 2. rigid molecules in the
secondary wall
• 3. sticky glue
polysaccharide to hold
cells together
1. channels between plant
cells
•
What is the general term for…
• Microtubules and microfilaments?
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A. cytoskeleton
B. plasma membrane
C. flagella and cilia
D. lysosomes
• ANSWER: A
Name the Organelles
Name the Organelles
Which is the plant cell?
Which is the plant cell?
Which organelle?
• 1. Stores food or
water
• 2. Modifies proteins
• 3. Called the “cleanup” crew
• 4. Is the site of the
genetic material
• 5. Is the
“powerhouse”
• 1. VACUOLE
• 2. GOLGI
APPARATUS
• 3. LYSOSOME
• 4. NUCLEUS
• 5. MITOCHONDRION
Which organelle?
• 1. Is the site of
photosynthesis?
• 2. Is the support
framework?
• 3. Controls what
goes in and out of
the cell?
• 4. Carries materials
from the ER to the
Golgi.
• 1. chloroplast
• 2. cytoskeleton
• 3. plasma membrane
• 4. Vesicle
In which cells would you find these
organelles?
• A. mitochondrion
• Plant and animal
• B. ribosomes
• All cells (plant,
animal and
prokaryote)
In what type of cells would you find
cell walls?
• A. plant
• B. animal
• C. bacteria
• ANSWER: A and C
Which organelle is the chloroplast
and which is the mitochondrion?
• (answer next slide)
Which organelle is the chloroplast
and which is the mitochondrion?
Which organelle?
• 1. Stores food or
water
• 2. Modifies proteins
• 3. Called the “cleanup” crew
• 4. Is the site of the
genetic material
• 5. Is the
“powerhouse”
• 1. VACUOLE
• 2. GOLGI
APPARATUS
• 3. LYSOSOME
• 4. NUCLEUS
• 5. MITOCHONDRION
Which organelle?
• 1. Is the site of
photosynthesis?
• 2. Is the support
framework?
• 3. Controls what
goes in and out of
the cell?
• 4. Carries materials
from the ER to the
Golgi.
• 1. chloroplast
• 2. cytoskeleton
• 3. plasma membrane
• 4. Vesicle
CHAPTER 5
• THE WORKING CELL
#1Fluid Mosaic Model
• Why would the cell membrane also be
known as the “Fluid Mosaic Model?”
• ANSWER:Parts of the membrane shift
back and forth
• There are parts (protein channels and
carbohydrate chains) embedded in it.
#2
• Where are the peripheral and the integral
proteins in the plasma membrane?
• ANSWER:
• Peripheral proteins are on the outside
edge. The Intergral proteins span the
whole membrane.
#2
• How are pumps different than other
transport proteins?
• Answer: pumps need ATP for active
transport
• Needed to pump molecules “against the
gradient”
#3
• How would a glycoprotein and a glycolipid
appear differently?
• ANSWER:
• The glycoprotein is a carbohydrate chain
attached to a protein, the glycolipid is a
carbohydrate chain attached to the fatty
acids (lipids) in the cell membrane.
#4
• What is selective permeability?
• ANSWER:
• The cell membrane can allow some
materials to pass through and others not.
• What can pass through?
• ANSWER:
• Small nonpolar molecules (oxygen, carbon
dioxide)
#4
• What kind of materials have trouble
passing through the plasma membrane?
• ANSWER:
• Hydrophobic molecules, large molecules,
ions
#5
• How is osmosis different than diffusion?
• Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER
through a SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
membrane from high free water
concentration to low free water
concentration.
#6
• What is an aquaporin?
• ANSWER:
• An aquaporin is a facilitated protein to
allow water to move more quickly through
the plasma membrane.
#7-8 Identify Isotonic, hypotonic,
hypertonic
#7-8 Identify Isotonic, hypotonic,
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic
#9
• Is facilitated diffusion active or passive?
• ANSWER:
• Passive
• How is it different from just diffusion?
• ANSWER:
• A helper protein is used.
O=osmosis D=diffusion
N=neither B=both
• Hi to lo concentration
• Through a selectively
permeable membrane
• Flow of water
• Flow of gases
• Down the gradient
• Against the gradient
• Both
• O
•
•
•
•
O
D
B
N
#10
• How is active transport different from
passive transport?
• ANSWER:
• Active transport uses ATP to move
molecules against the gradient
#11 Matching: CHOICES
• 1. engulfing small
pockets of liquid
• 2. material leaving the
cell
• 3. engulfing large
particles
• 4. general term form
engulfing particles
into the cell
• Endocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Phagocytosis
#11 Matching: ANSWERS
• 1. engulfing small
pockets of liquid
• 2. material leaving the
cell
• 3. engulfing large
particles
• 4. general term form
engulfing particles
into the cell
• Pinocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Endocytosis
#12
• What does ATP stand for?
• ANSWER:
adenosine tri phosphate
• How is it used as cell batteries?
• A phosphate is added to store energy or a
phosphate is removed to give off energy.
#13
• Where is energy stored in molecules?
• ANSWER:
• In the bonds
• What part of ATP is usually lost of gained
to release or store energy?
• ANSWER:
• The last phosphate
#14
• Contrast kinetic and potential energy.
• ANSWER:
kinetic energy is moving, doing work
• Potential energy is stored energy
• Large molecule –lots of bonds-lots of PE
• Break the bonds – release E - KE
#15 Contrast the Laws of
Thermodynamics
• First:
• ANSWER: energy cannot be created nor
destroyed, energy is conserved
• Second:
• ANSWER: energy conversions increase
the entropy (disorder) of the universe
#16
• What happens in endergonic and
exergonic reactions?
• ANSWER:
• In endergonic reactions energy is
absorbed from the environment
• In exergonic reactions energy is given off
to the environment.
#16
• What is energy coupling?
• ANSWER:
• The energy given off from exergonic
reactions is taken in to endergonic
reactions.
#17
• How is metabolism different from cellular
respiration?
• ANSWER:
• Metabolism =sum of all of an organism’s
chemical reactions
• Cellular respiration=the mitochondrion
uses oxygen to break down food to
produce ATP
#18
• How does the activation energy change if
an enzyme is used?
• ANSWER: lowers it
#19 How do these affect enzymes?
• Temperature
• -optimum in the body is around 37oC 9
(otherwise bonds get broken)
• pH or acids or bases
• -H+ and OH- ions attract functional groups
#20
• What does a competitive inhibitor do to an
enzyme? A noncompetitive inhibitor?
• ANSWER:
#20
• How is feedback inhibition affecting an
enzyme?
#21
• Examples of coenzymes:
• Answer:
• Vitamins (Vit. E, folic acid, niacin)
• Examples of cofactors:
ANSWER:
• Metallic ions (Zn, Fe, Cu)