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Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. Not deviant behavior. Must cause stress to the individual (most times) Early Theories • Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used. Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/Perspective Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Cause of the Disorder Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Socio-cultural Biomedical/Neuroscience Dysfunctional Society Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions. Biopsychosocial Approach DSM V • Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. • DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. Allows for treatment and medication • DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures. • DSM 5 new names mental retardation now intellectual disability • Also new categories hoarding and binge-eating disorder DSM V The Rosenhan Study- A criticism of labeling • • • • • • • Rosenhan’s associates were Malingering symptoms of hearing voices. They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia. None were exposed as imposters. They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in remission. What are some of the questions raised by this study? Problems: people viewed differently with a label Leads to self-fulfilling prophecies from others Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy Anxiety Disorders • a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. • the patient fears something awful will happen to them. • They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear. • 2/3 are women Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety • • • • • • • • • Increased heart rate Dry mouth Nauseau Intestinal distress Frequent urination Possible fainting Shaking Twitching Can lead to real physical problems Phobias • A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. • Must be an irrational fear. • Phobia List Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD • An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. • The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia. • Free-floating • Person cannot identify the cause therefore cannot deal with or avoid it Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a minuteslong episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations. Obsessive-compulsive disorder • • • • • Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing. Persons know the rituals are irrational More common among teens and young adults Classified separately in the DSM V Your brain with OCD • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9S M4g • videos Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD • • • • • • • • Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event. 1/10 women and 1/20 men develop PTSD after trauma Active limbic system Overtaxed autonomic system Memories of the event cause anxiety. A lot of activity in the Right temporal lobe Can lead to post-traumatic growthincreased personal strength Classified separately in the DSM V PTSD • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyS48P1Z uvk Understanding Anxiety Disorders • Learning Perspective: a conditioned response • 2 types of learning processes can add to anxiety: stimulus generalizationbit by dog = fear all dogs, reinforcement- maintain out fears and anxieties, washing your hands relieves anxiety so always wash hands when anxious • Observational learning- transmit anxiety to our children • Cognitive- your thinking about the event ex: a creaky door becomes an intruder wielding a knife. People become hypervigilant • Biological – evolutionary, but out of control grooming gone wild = pull out hair. Hard to extinguish fears that were evolutionary relevant • Genetic- runs in families possible anxiety gene that regulates serotonin or glutamate • Brain- creates a mental hiccup and redo the behaviors Somatoform Disorders • Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. • Two types…… Hypochondriasis • Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. • They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses. • In DSM V now categorized as Somatic Symptom Disorder Conversion Disorder • Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason. • Like blindness or paralysis. Pol Pot Conversion Disorder • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jOuqAc gMrA Dissociative Disorders • These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. • Three types…. Psychogenic Amnesia • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde ( prior memories gone but can create new ones)or anterograde (long term memory in tact but inability to create new memories.) Dissociative Fugue • People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment. Dissociative Fugue • http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15373503/ Dissociative Identity Disorder • Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality (alters). • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma. • Constructive memory- create memories to fill the gaps of lost time . Therapists cautious not to ask leading questions lest they give someone the idea they have been abused or have DID Article: Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind Dissociative identity disorder • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXuG2zI3 9yA • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XlKOCWnZo • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=014J2FO T03k Mood Disorders • Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion. Major Depression • A.K.A. unipolar depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders. Symptoms of Depression and Systhemia • Dysthemia • Persistent depressive disorder • Adults who experience mild depressed mood for at least 2 years • Also display 2 or more of the depressive symptoms • • • • • • Symptoms: of Depression 5 signs last 2 or more weeks Problems regulating appetite Problems regulating sleep Low energy Difficulty concentrating and making decisions • Feelings of hopelessness Seasonal Affective Disorder • Experience depression during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. • Treated with light therapy. Bipolar Disorder • Formally manic depression. • Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode. Bipolar Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sl95tsiLv yM • Famous People with Bipolar: Tim Burton, Mark Twain, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Virginia Wolf Understanding Mood Disorders • Causes behavioral and cognitive changes • Widespread • Women twice as vulnerable • Most major episodes terminate on their own • Stressful events can precede depression: work, marriage, death • With each new generation depression hitting earlier. Highest rates in developed countries • Perspectives • Biological- Tends to run in families but is it observed behavior. Identical twins studies 50% chance if one twin suffers depression • Less brain activity during depressed states • Hippocampus is vulnerable Other Causes • Biochemical: norepinephrine increases arousal and mood low when depressed, high when manic, • Serotonin- scarce during depression • Social- Cognitive • Negative thoughts and negative moods • Depression high in people who overthink and ruminate • Also stable locus of control- lasts forever • Internal- my fault Depressed Brain Schizophrenic Disorders • About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. • Hits in late teens early 20s Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1. Disorganized thinking. 2. Disturbed Perceptions 3. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Disorganized Thinking • The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. • Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information. Delusions (false beliefs) • Delusions of Persecution • Delusions of Grandeur Disturbed Perceptions • hallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions • Laugh at inappropriate times. • Flat Effect • Senseless, compulsive acts. • Catatoniamotionless Waxy Flexibility Disorganized Schizophrenia • disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. • Clang associations • "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic" Paranoid Schizophrenia • preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. • Somebody is out to get me!!!! • Considered most dangerous Schizophrenia Videos • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkB2CGL769o • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVHNGZ0Omx0&list=PL2 920A92123EAF834&index=53 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjr82pzrVSY&list=PL2920 A92123EAF834&index=55 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXimT5CH CDE • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9v4FsKX mj8 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia • Increase in dopamine receptors- 6X which causes schizophrenic symptoms • Glutamate an excitatory neurotransmitter may also be a cause • Abnormal brain activity • Over activity in thalamus when patients heard voices or saw images • Maternal viral infection that may impair fetal brain development • Genetic- see twin studies Figure 12.9 Risk of developing schizophrenia The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies with one’s genetic relatedness to someone having this disorder. Across countries, barely more than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis. Adapted from Gottesman, 2001 © 2011 by Worth Publishers Brain scans • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgZGuasi 1q0&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=50 Personality Disorders • Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring patterns of behavior • Dominates their personality. Antisocial Personality Disorder= sociopath or psychopath • Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • Lack of conscience • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. • Mostly males • Intelligent, manipulative Why? • Increased risk if relatives display antisocial behavior • Some detection at 3-4 years old: impulsive, uninhibited, low anxiety • Channeled correctly good qualities • Lack a sense of responsibility a killer is born • At risk for substance abuse • Scans show reduced activity in frontal lobes • Respond less to facial cues- fear • Reduced autonomic activity • Lack of arousal may lead people to act fearlessly- criminal behaviors • ANS is a warning to the rest of us that we are doing something wrong • More disorganized, impulsive all traits associated with frontal lobe activity • Biosocial causes You decide? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zupt6Ro QgbM&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=56 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njSMTfP Rz9g Therapy • It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. • Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization. Psychoanalytic Therapy • Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). • Unconscious • Transference • Other therapies will result in symptom substitution. Humanistic Therapy • Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers • These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. • Self-actualization, freewill and unconditional positive regard. • Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self. Behavioral Therapies Counterconditioning • Classical Conditioning 1. Aversive Conditioning 2. Systematic desensitization 3. Flooding Operant Conditioning • Token Economy Cognitive Therapy • Change the way we view the world (change our schemas) • Aaron Beck • Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology • Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) • Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) • Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) • Bipolar (lithium) Somatic Therapy • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. • Psychosurgury 1. Prefontal lobotomy Group Therapy