Download Abnormal Psychology

Abnormal Psychology
A.K.A. Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is
judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and
unjustifiable. Not deviant behavior. Must
cause stress to the individual (most times)
Early Theories
• Abnormal behavior was evil
spirits trying to get out.
• Trephining was often used.
Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Cause of the Disorder
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or
being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the
environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or
ways of thinking.
Socio-cultural
Biomedical/Neuroscience
Dysfunctional Society
Organic problems, biochemical
imbalances, genetic predispositions.
Biopsychosocial Approach
DSM V
• Diagnostic Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders: the big
book of disorders.
• DSM will classify disorders
and describe the symptoms.
Allows for treatment and
medication
• DSM will NOT explain the
causes or possible cures.
• DSM 5 new names mental
retardation now intellectual
disability
• Also new categories hoarding
and binge-eating disorder
DSM V
The Rosenhan Study- A
criticism of labeling
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Rosenhan’s associates were
Malingering symptoms of hearing
voices.
They were ALL admitted for
schizophrenia.
None were exposed as imposters.
They all left diagnosed with
schizophrenia in remission.
What are some of the questions
raised by this study?
Problems: people viewed
differently with a label
Leads to self-fulfilling
prophecies from others
Two Major Classifications in the
DSM
Neurotic Disorders
• Distressing but one can
still function in society
and act rationally.
Psychotic Disorders
• Person loses contact
with reality,
experiences distorted
perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy
Anxiety Disorders
• a group of conditions
where the primary
symptoms are anxiety
or defenses against
anxiety.
• the patient fears
something awful will
happen to them.
• They are in a state of
intense apprehension,
uneasiness,
uncertainty, or fear.
• 2/3 are women
Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety
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Increased heart rate
Dry mouth
Nauseau
Intestinal distress
Frequent urination
Possible fainting
Shaking
Twitching
Can lead to real physical
problems
Phobias
• A person experiences
sudden episodes of
intense dread.
• Must be an irrational
fear.
• Phobia List
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
GAD
• An anxiety disorder in which
a person is continuously
tense, apprehensive and in a
state of autonomic nervous
system arousal.
• The patient is constantly
tense and worried, feels
inadequate, is oversensitive,
can’t concentrate and
suffers from insomnia.
• Free-floating
• Person cannot identify the
cause therefore cannot deal
with or avoid it
Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder
marked by a minuteslong episode of
intense dread in which
a person experiences
terror and
accompanying chest
pain, choking and
other frightening
sensations.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Persistent unwanted
thoughts (obsessions)
cause someone to feel the
need (compulsion) to
engage in a particular
action.
Obsession about dirt and
germs may lead to
compulsive hand washing.
Persons know the rituals
are irrational
More common among teens
and young adults
Classified separately in the
DSM V
Your brain with OCD
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSZNnz9S
M4g
• videos
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
a.k.a. PTSD
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Flashbacks or nightmares following a
person’s involvement in or
observation of an extremely
stressful event.
1/10 women and 1/20 men develop
PTSD after trauma
Active limbic system
Overtaxed autonomic system
Memories of the event cause
anxiety.
A lot of activity in the Right
temporal lobe
Can lead to post-traumatic growthincreased personal strength
Classified separately in the DSM V
PTSD
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyS48P1Z
uvk
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
• Learning Perspective: a conditioned response
• 2 types of learning processes can add to anxiety: stimulus generalizationbit by dog = fear all dogs, reinforcement- maintain out fears and anxieties,
washing your hands relieves anxiety so always wash hands when anxious
• Observational learning- transmit anxiety to our children
• Cognitive- your thinking about the event ex: a creaky door becomes an
intruder wielding a knife. People become hypervigilant
• Biological – evolutionary, but out of control grooming gone wild = pull out
hair. Hard to extinguish fears that were evolutionary relevant
• Genetic- runs in families possible anxiety gene that regulates serotonin or
glutamate
• Brain- creates a mental hiccup and redo the behaviors
Somatoform Disorders
• Occur when a person
manifests a
psychological
problem through a
physiological
symptom.
• Two types……
Hypochondriasis
• Has frequent physical
complaints for which medical
doctors are unable to locate
the cause.
• They usually believe that the
minor issues (headache,
upset stomach) are indicative
are more severe illnesses.
• In DSM V now categorized as
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Conversion Disorder
• Report the
existence of severe
physical problems
with no biological
reason.
• Like blindness or
paralysis.
Pol Pot
Conversion Disorder
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jOuqAc
gMrA
Dissociative Disorders
• These disorders
involve a disruption
in the conscious
process.
• Three types….
Psychogenic Amnesia
• A person cannot remember
things with no
physiological basis for the
disruption in memory.
• Retrograde Amnesia
• NOT organic amnesia.
• Organic amnesia can be
retrograde ( prior
memories gone but can
create new ones)or
anterograde (long term
memory in tact but
inability to create new
memories.)
Dissociative Fugue
• People with
psychogenic amnesia
that find themselves
in an unfamiliar
environment.
Dissociative Fugue
• http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15373503/
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• Used to be known as Multiple
Personality Disorder.
• A person has several rather
than one integrated
personality (alters).
• People with DID commonly
have a history of childhood
abuse or trauma.
• Constructive memory- create
memories to fill the gaps of
lost time . Therapists
cautious not to ask leading
questions lest they give
someone the idea they have
been abused or have DID
Article: Inside Karen’s Crowded
Mind
Dissociative identity disorder
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXuG2zI3
9yA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XlKOCWnZo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=014J2FO
T03k
Mood Disorders
• Experience extreme or inappropriate
emotion.
Major Depression
• A.K.A. unipolar
depression
• Unhappy for at least
two weeks with no
apparent cause.
• Depression is the
common cold of
psychological
disorders.
Symptoms of Depression and
Systhemia
• Dysthemia
• Persistent depressive
disorder
• Adults who experience mild
depressed mood for at
least 2 years
• Also display 2 or more of
the depressive symptoms
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Symptoms: of Depression
5 signs last 2 or more weeks
Problems regulating appetite
Problems regulating sleep
Low energy
Difficulty concentrating and
making decisions
• Feelings of hopelessness
Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Experience
depression during
the winter months.
• Based not on
temperature, but on
amount of sunlight.
• Treated with light
therapy.
Bipolar Disorder
• Formally manic
depression.
• Involves periods of
depression and manic
episodes.
• Manic episodes involve
feelings of high energy
(but they tend to differ
a lot…some get confident
and some get irritable).
• Engage in risky behavior
during the manic episode.
Bipolar Video
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sl95tsiLv
yM
• Famous People with Bipolar: Tim Burton,
Mark Twain, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Virginia
Wolf
Understanding Mood Disorders
• Causes behavioral and cognitive
changes
• Widespread
• Women twice as vulnerable
• Most major episodes terminate
on their own
• Stressful events can precede
depression: work, marriage,
death
• With each new generation
depression hitting earlier.
Highest rates in developed
countries
• Perspectives
• Biological- Tends to run in
families but is it observed
behavior. Identical twins
studies 50% chance if one
twin suffers depression
• Less brain activity during
depressed states
• Hippocampus is vulnerable
Other Causes
• Biochemical:
norepinephrine
increases arousal and
mood low when
depressed, high when
manic,
• Serotonin- scarce
during depression
• Social- Cognitive
• Negative thoughts and
negative moods
• Depression high in
people who overthink
and ruminate
• Also stable locus of
control- lasts forever
• Internal- my fault
Depressed Brain
Schizophrenic Disorders
• About 1 in every 100
people are diagnosed with
schizophrenia.
• Hits in late teens early 20s
Symptoms of
Schizophrenia
1. Disorganized thinking.
2. Disturbed Perceptions
3. Inappropriate
Emotions and Actions
Disorganized Thinking
• The thinking of a
person with
Schizophrenia is
fragmented and
bizarre and distorted
with false beliefs.
• Disorganized thinking
comes from a
breakdown in selective
attention.- they
cannot filter out
information.
Delusions (false beliefs)
• Delusions of
Persecution
• Delusions of
Grandeur
Disturbed Perceptions
• hallucinationssensory experiences
without sensory
stimulation.
Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
• Laugh at
inappropriate times.
• Flat Effect
• Senseless,
compulsive acts.
• Catatoniamotionless Waxy
Flexibility
Disorganized Schizophrenia
• disorganized speech or
behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
• Clang associations
• "Imagine the worst
Systematic, sympathetic
Quite pathetic,
apologetic, paramedic
Your heart is prosthetic"
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• preoccupation with
delusions or
hallucinations.
• Somebody is out to
get me!!!!
• Considered most
dangerous
Schizophrenia Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkB2CGL769o
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVHNGZ0Omx0&list=PL2
920A92123EAF834&index=53
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjr82pzrVSY&list=PL2920
A92123EAF834&index=55
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXimT5CH
CDE
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9v4FsKX
mj8
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
• Increase in dopamine
receptors- 6X which causes
schizophrenic symptoms
• Glutamate an excitatory
neurotransmitter may also
be a cause
• Abnormal brain activity
• Over activity in thalamus
when patients heard voices
or saw images
• Maternal viral infection
that may impair fetal
brain development
• Genetic- see twin
studies
Figure 12.9 Risk of developing schizophrenia The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia
varies with one’s genetic relatedness to someone having this disorder. Across countries, barely more
than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis.
Adapted from Gottesman, 2001
© 2011 by Worth Publishers
Brain scans
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgZGuasi
1q0&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=50
Personality Disorders
• Disruptive,
inflexible, and
enduring patterns of
behavior
• Dominates their
personality.
Antisocial Personality Disorder=
sociopath or psychopath
• Lack of empathy.
• Little regard for other’s
feelings.
• Lack of conscience
• View the world as
hostile and look out for
themselves.
• Mostly males
• Intelligent, manipulative
Why?
• Increased risk if relatives
display antisocial behavior
• Some detection at 3-4 years
old: impulsive, uninhibited,
low anxiety
• Channeled correctly good
qualities
• Lack a sense of
responsibility a killer is born
• At risk for substance abuse
• Scans show reduced activity in
frontal lobes
• Respond less to facial cues- fear
• Reduced autonomic activity
• Lack of arousal may lead people
to act fearlessly- criminal
behaviors
• ANS is a warning to the rest of us
that we are doing something
wrong
• More disorganized, impulsive all
traits associated with frontal lobe
activity
• Biosocial causes
You decide?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zupt6Ro
QgbM&list=PL2920A92123EAF834&index=56
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njSMTfP
Rz9g
Therapy
• It used to be that if
someone exhibited
abnormal behavior,
they were
institutionalized.
• Because of new drugs
and better therapy,
the U.S. went to a
policy of
deinstitutionalization.
Psychoanalytic Therapy
• Psychoanalysis (manifest
and latent content
through…. hypnosis free
association, dream,
interpretation).
• Unconscious
• Transference
• Other therapies will
result in symptom
substitution.
Humanistic Therapy
• Client-Centered Therapy
by Carl Rogers
• These are non-directive
therapies and use active
listening.
• Self-actualization, freewill and unconditional
positive regard.
• Gestalt Therapy by Fritz
Perls encourage clients to
get in touch with whole
self.
Behavioral Therapies
Counterconditioning
• Classical Conditioning
1. Aversive Conditioning
2. Systematic
desensitization
3. Flooding
Operant Conditioning
• Token Economy
Cognitive Therapy
• Change the way we
view the world
(change our
schemas)
• Aaron Beck
• Albert Ellis and
Rational Emotive
Therapy
Somatic Therapies
Psychopharmacology
• Antipsychotics
(thorazine, haldol)
• Anti-anxiety (valium,
barbiturates, Xanax)
• Mood Disorders
(serotonin reuptake
inhibitors)
• Bipolar (lithium)
Somatic Therapy
• Electroconvulsive
Therapy (ECT)- for
depression.
• Psychosurgury
1. Prefontal lobotomy
Group Therapy