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Anxiety Disorders Distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Manifestations of Anxiety • Cognitive – Thought process range from generalized worry to overwhelming fear (focus on impending doom) • Behavioral – The avoidance of anxietyprovoking situation • Somatic – Physiological complaints due to activation of sympathetic nervous system (stomach aches, headaches, shakiness, etc.) Specific Phobias • Specific phobias = irrational, persistent fear of specific objects or situations • Simple phobias: – – – – Claustrophobia = enclosed spaces Agoraphobia = open spaces Arachnophobia = spiders Acrophobia = heights • Social phobia = fear of social situations & embarrassment Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears 100 Percentage 90 of people 80 surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Snakes Being Mice Flying Being Spiders Thunder Being Dogs in high, on an closed in, and and alone exposed airplane in a insects lightning In a places small house place at night Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Driving Being Cats a car In a crowd of people Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Persistent high levels of anxiety and excessive worry with symptoms for at least 6 months • Restlessness, difficulty sleeping, lack of concentration, muscle tension, irritability • NO SPECIFIC CAUSE Panic Disorder • Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks (5-15 minutes in length) – Feelings of terror – Pounding heart, difficulty breathing – Fearful of future attacks • Often accompanied by secondary conditions, such as agoraphobia Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • Flashbacks or nightmares following extremely troubling event Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in an action Common Obsessions: Common Compulsions: Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching Excessive religious or moral doubt Counting Forbidden thoughts Ordering/arranging A need to have things "just so" Hoarding or saving A need to tell, ask, confess Praying Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders in the U.S. Social Phobia 15 Million Panic Disorder 6 Million Specific Phobia 19.2 Million GAD OCD 6.8 Million 2.2 Million Explaining Anxiety Disorders • Biological – Fears may have an evolutionary basis (contribute to survival) – Genetic predisposition to fears and anxiety (tend to run in families) – Lack of GABA neurotransmitter • Cognitive – Irrational beliefs regarding feared stimulus (exaggeration) Explaining Anxiety Disorders • Behavioral (learning) – Classical conditioning of fear – Avoidance relieves fear (negative reinforcement) • Biopsychosocial model – Anxiety has a biological involvement and learning component, both of which are influenced by culture Somatoform Disorders Complaints of physical symptoms with no physiological explanation (they are psychologically based) • Somatization disorder = multiple physical complaints with no physical explanation, onset before age 30 • Conversion disorder = specific severe physical complaint (paralysis, blindness) with no physical cause Body Dysmorphic Disorder • Excessive preoccupation w/minor or imagined flaw in physical appearance Hypochondriasis • Persistent preoccupation with one’s health despite the fact that genuine symptoms of the disorder are lacking Explaining Somatoform Disorders • Psychoanalytic – unresolved childhood conflicts, experiences • Behavioral – Reinforcement (anxiety is reduced) – Interpersonal gains in terms of sympathy & support • Sociocultural factors Dissociative Disorders Disruption or disturbances in memory, consciousness, or identity due to psychological factors Psychogenic (dissociative) Amnesia • Person loses memory due to stress or psychological trauma (no physical cause) Psychogenic (Dissociative) Fugue • Confusion over personal identity & assumes new identity (usually travel away from home & start new life) Depersonalization Disorder • Most common dissociative disorder • Feelings of unreality about self • “This is not my body…I am trapped in someone else’s body” Dissociative Identity Disorder • Splits consciousness into separate conscious awarenesses • Person has several personalities rather than one integrated personality (a.k.a. Multiple Personality) Theoretical Causes of Dissociative Disorders • Psychodynamic extremely traumatic event is repressed so that a split in consciousness results • Behaviorists people who have experienced a trauma simply find not thinking about it to be rewarding (negative reinforcement)