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What is memory? Chapter 1 What is memory? • Three definitions (Spear & Riccio, 1994) – location where information is kept • – thing that holds the contents of experience • – e.g., a storehouse, or memory store e.g., a memory trace or engram mental process used to acquire (learn), store, or retrieve (remember) information Early Memory Research in Psychology and Neuroscience • Ebbinghaus (late 1800s) – nonsense syllables – basic memory phenomena • learning curve – massed vs. spaced/distributed practice • forgetting curve • overlearning • savings Early Memory Research in Psychology and Neuroscience • Lashley (1950) – engram: neural representation of memory – quantity, not location – memory distributed all over cortex Early Memory Research in Psychology and Neuroscience • Hebb (1949) – two stage process • neural excitation would reverberate around connections of neurons • some of these connections would physically change and become stronger – long-term potentiation Modal Model of Memory Multiple Memory Systems Structure of the Neuron Neural Communication: Electrical Process Neural Communication: Chemical Process