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Section 8 Vocabulary • • • • • • • • • Basilic: royal Cephalic: head Serratus: saw Protract: to draw forth Retract: draw back Condyle: knuckle Collateral: side by side Quadratus: squared Hamate: hooked • • • • • • • • • Lunate: moon-shaped Synovial: with egg Bursa: purse Prostate: to stand before Ectopic: out of place Fimbrial: fringe Gracilis: slender Malleolus: hammer Meniscus: crescent The Central Nervous System Chapter 12 I. Protection of the CNS A. Bone- skull & vertebrae B. Meninges- connective tissue 1. Dura mater-outer layer, thick, DWF 2. Arachnoid- middle, delicate 3. Pia mater- innermost, thin, attached to brain, vascular I. Protection of the CNS • C. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)- clear, watery fluid that fills all cavities within and around nervous system; choroid plexus (capillaries) separate CSF from blood by ependymal cells. I. Protection of the CNS C. CSF Functions 1. Cushions brain and spinal cord from mechanical injury 2. dissolves and transports substances filtered from blood 3. Medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and brain I. Protection of the CNS D. Blood- prevents sudden or extreme fluctuations in CSF; provides fluid for CSF II. Spinal Cord • Extends from foramen magnum to L1 • Fills the vertebral foramina along with meninges, CSF, adipose, and blood vessels • Conducts impulses to and from brain • Serves as integrator or reflex center (ex. Papillary, patellar) Spinal Cord Protection By the vertebral column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and vertebral ligaments. II. Spinal Cord A. Ascending tracts- sensory impulses up the SC to the brain; named for where it terminates in the brain 1. lateral spinothalamic tract 2. anterior “ “ 3. fasciculu gracilis and cuneatus 4. spinocerebellar tracts II. Spinal Cord B. Descending tracts- from the brain down the SC; motor impulses; names for where it originates in the brain 1. lateral corticospinal tracts 2. anterior “ “ 3. lateral reticulospinal tracts 4. medial “ “ 5. rubrospinal tracts III. Brain Consists of 100 billion neurons & 900 billion glia; ~ 3 lbs; cell division of neurons only occurs in prenatal development??? III. Brain A. Brain Stem 1. Medulla Oblongata- lower part of brain stem; attaches to spinal cord; contains reticular formation of gray and white matter A. vital centers- regulate heartbeat, respiration, bp, diameter of blood vessels B. Reflex centers- coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting III. Brain A. Brain Stem 2. Pons- middle part of brain stem; connects cerebellum to brain stem; relay between upper and lower CNS; affects rate of respiration III. Brain A. Brain Stem 3. Midbrain (mesencephalon)above pons; upper part of brain stem; also contains reticular formation A. cerebral peduncles- nerve tracts to and from the cerebral hemispheres B. red nucleus- relay station; coordinates impulses between cerebellum and cerebrum; muscle control C. corpora quadrigemina- pupil constriction reflex; relay station for auditory impulses III. Brain B. Cerebellum- “little brain”; 2nd largest part of brain; below cerebrum; gray matter outside and white matter (arbor vitae) inside FUNCTIONS: 1. Coordinate skel muscle movt; maintain equil/ balance 2. receive info about touch, vision, sound 3. maintain posture with sk. muscles III. Brain C. Diencephalon 1. Thalamus- middle below cerebrum; gray matter; relay station to carry impulses to cerebrum 2. FUNCTIONSA. pain, temp, touch senses B. emotions of un/pleasantness C. Mechanism for arousal D. plays a part in mechanisms that produce complex reflex movements III. Brain C. Diencephalon 2. Hypothalamus- beneath the thalamus; holds pituitary gland and mamillary bodies; links nervous and endocrine systems. III. Brain C. Diencephalon 2. Hypothalamus- FUNCTIONSA. autonomic center- olfactory neurons for smell (in mam bodies) B. relay station between cerebrum and lower brain centers C. produce hormones to maintain water balance (ADH), thirst center D. produce “releasing hormones”- growth hormone, oxytocin, GnRH E. maintains wake state C. Diencephalon 2. Hypothalamus- FUNCTIONSF. Regulates appetite and satiety center G. Regulates body temperature- blood vessels/ sweat glands H. Pleasure center- eating, drinking, sex III. Brain C. Diencephalon 3. Pineal body- pine cone shape, endocrine gland, aka epiphysis, secretes hormone melatonin for biological clock, daylight vs. sleep III. Brain • C. Diencephalon – 4. Optic chiasma- right and left optic nerves cross here III. Brain • D. Cerebrum Largest part of the brain; 2 wrinkled hemispheres; axons of neurons may interconnect with same hemisphere, other hemisphere, or other parts of CNS D. Cerebrum 1. Structures A. Corpus callosum- tissue joins 2 hemispheres; white, curved; surrounds ventricles B. Cerebral nuclei- gray matter; aka basal ganglia; regulates voluntary motor functions such as walking D. Cerebrum 1. Structures C. Cerebral Cortex- surface; outer 2-4 mm is gray matter with white matter below 1. white shallow grooves or fissures- sulci (singular- sulcus) 2. wrinkled peaks or convolutions – gyri (singular- gyrus) D. Lateral Ventricle- cavity in each hemisphere; fluid filled; generally enlarges with age D. Cerebrum 2. Main Lobes or Regions A. Frontal- personality, voluntary motor control B. Parietal- processing sensation C. Occipital- visual cortex D. Temporal- auditory cortex, emotions, memories E. Insula / Island of Reil- link between emotion and cognition III. Brain D. Cerebrum 3. Functions of Cerebral Cortex A. Sensory- touch, pressure, temperature, body position (proprioception), vision, hearing, taste, smell; sensory speech (Wernicke’s area) B. Motor- voluntary movements D. Cerebrum 3. Functions of Cerebral Cortex C. Integrative- all functions between sensation and motor/ effection 1. consciousness- impulses from ret formation; awareness; REM; meditation 2. language- speak, write, hear, see words; motor speech (Broca’s area) 3. emotions-limbic system- anger, fear, sexual feelings, pleasure, sorrow 4. memory- short-term and long-term; use hippocampus IV. Right vs Left Hemisphere Right creative musical artistic spatial perception Left speech language hand movt calculation Cerebrum II. Spinal Cord Extends from foramen magnum to L1; fills the vertebral foramina along with meninges, CSF, adipose, and blood vessels; conducts impulses to and from brain; serves as integrator or reflex center (ex. Papillary, patellar) II. Spinal Cord A. Ascending tracts- sensory impulses up the SC to the brain; named for where it terminates in the brain 1. lateral spinothalamic tract 2. anterior “ “ 3. fasciculu gracilis and cuneatus 4. spinocerebellar tracts II. Spinal Cord B. Descending tracts- from the brain down the SC; motor impulses; names for where it originates in the brain 1. lateral corticospinal tracts 2. anterior “ “ 3. lateral reticulospinal tracts 4. medial “ “ 5. rubrospinal tracts V. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Map out brain waves or impulse activity; measured by frequency (Hz) and amplitude (V) A. Alpha- relaxed B. Beta- busy C. Theta- drowsy D. Delta- deep sleep V. Electroencephalogram (EEG) V. Electroencephalogram (EEG)