* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Climate change impact on Oceans
Michael E. Mann wikipedia , lookup
Soon and Baliunas controversy wikipedia , lookup
Heaven and Earth (book) wikipedia , lookup
ExxonMobil climate change controversy wikipedia , lookup
2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference wikipedia , lookup
Iron fertilization wikipedia , lookup
Climatic Research Unit documents wikipedia , lookup
Citizens' Climate Lobby wikipedia , lookup
Climate change denial wikipedia , lookup
Climate governance wikipedia , lookup
Fred Singer wikipedia , lookup
Mitigation of global warming in Australia wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
Economics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Global warming controversy wikipedia , lookup
Climate engineering wikipedia , lookup
Climate sensitivity wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Ocean acidification wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on humans wikipedia , lookup
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change wikipedia , lookup
Attribution of recent climate change wikipedia , lookup
Instrumental temperature record wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on oceans wikipedia , lookup
Global warming hiatus wikipedia , lookup
General circulation model wikipedia , lookup
Politics of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Physical impacts of climate change wikipedia , lookup
Global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and poverty wikipedia , lookup
Future sea level wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate Change and the Oceans Ben McNeil Climate Change Research Centre The University of New South Wales The Natural Greenhouse Effect Incoming Shortwave Solar Radiation Outgoing Longwave Radiation Global Warming: The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases Outgoing heat gets trapped The Importance of Greenhouse Gases Predict the temperature on Venus? 167°C 470°C 15°C Extreme Greenhouse Effect -63°C The Greenhouse-Intensive Industrial Revolution 30 25 20 15 Billion tonnes of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 10 5 1800 1800 1820 1840 1860 1860 1879 1900 1920 1899 1921 1940 1941 1960 1961 1980 1981 2000 2001 Earths CO2 Levels QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) 14.5ºC 14.3ºC Atmospheric CO2 Levels (ppm) Global Mean 14.1ºC Temperature 13.8ºC 13.6ºC • • • The planet has warmed about 0.75°C in the last century Twelve of the last 13 years are the warmest years since 1850 “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level”,IPCC 4th Assessment Report. Dramatic Warming Evidence from the Arctic Since IPCC Analysis 2007 Stroeve et al. GRL 2007 Sea-Level Rise: Observations and Projections Sea-Level Rise: The Big Unknown Implications for the North Atlantic Ocean Normal Circulation QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Climate Change Effect QuickTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Oceanic Controls on Atmospheric CO2 : Atmospheric CO2 Thermodynamic Equilibration CO2 Water Mass Formation and Subduction • • CO2 is very soluble Ocean circulation stores and transports vast quantities Importance of the Ocean for Atmospheric CO2 450 440 430 CO2 Without Natural Sinks 420 410 400 Atmos CO2 (ppm) 390 Oceanic CO2 Absorption 380 370 360 350 Observed CO2 340 330 320 310 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year •Atmospheric CO2 today would be about 450ppm without the ocean!! Ocean Circulation with Climate Change • • Stratification with warming and freshening Slow-down in overturning circulation Model Projections of Circulation and Carbon Cycle • • 50% slowdown in overturning circulation 20-30% reduction in oceanic CO2 uptake Sarmiento, 1998 Oceanic Biological Pump with Climate Change Normal Climate Change • • Phytoplankton are starved of nutrients due to ocean stratification ~15% reduction by the year 2100 Matear (2000) Unfortunate Consequences of Oceanic Anthropogenic CO2 Absorption CO2 Increase Increase from airsea exchange CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ CO32- + 2H+ Decrease pH = -log[H+] More CO2 Uptake = More Acidic = Less CO32- Changing Carbonate Equilibrium in Seawater Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Cycle Direct Impact of Elevated CO2 on Phytoplankton and Coral Reefs Low CO2 • Elevated CO2levels reduces the calcification rate of phytoplankton and corals High CO2 Riebesell et al, [2000] (Coccolithophores) 1um Oceans and Climate Change: Summary – Ocean is and will continue to absorb massive amounts of CO2 and the warmth humans are imposing on earth – Ocean circulation is likely to slowdown in a warmer world leading to • Big changes in regional climate • Lower CO2 uptake and therefore more work for us to do • Lower biological productivity and consequences to fishing industry – Sea-level rise and its problems – Chemical alterations to calcifying organisms due to ocean acidification