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Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Marine and
Climate Change Effects and Adaptation Approaches in Marine and

... and Chinook salmon, complete nesting failure by Cassin’s Auklet, and widespread deaths of other seabirds (common murres, sooty shearwaters).95 Similar mismatches also occurred in 2006 and 2007 when upwelling began early but was interrupted at a critical time (May-June).96 As a result of these effect ...
75 An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine
75 An Updated Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine

Assessment of Governance Arrangements for the Ocean
Assessment of Governance Arrangements for the Ocean

THE great CHALLENGE OF THE ARCTIC
THE great CHALLENGE OF THE ARCTIC

... Lastly, up until recently, the Arctic seemed far away because it remained if not untouched, at least largely preserved from the changes caused by people. But the Arctic is feeling the full force of climate change. Over the last century, the temperature rise there was two to three times greater than ...
A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide
A new model for the global biogeochemical cycle of carbonyl sulfide

... ary layer, mainly attributed to biospheric uptake (Montzka et al., 2007; Campbell et al., 2008). The uptake of OCS by plants was modeled to be no more than 240 GgS yr−1 by Kettle et al. (2002), but it has been recently revised upwards, with new estimates of 490 GgS yr−1 (Suntharalingam et al., 2008) ...
Location and Areal Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas
Location and Areal Extent of Polynyas in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

Glossary of Physical Oceanography and Related Disciplines
Glossary of Physical Oceanography and Related Disciplines

... formed by turbidity currents which covered the preexisting topography. Most abyssal plains are located between the base of the continental rise and the abyssal hills. The remainder are trench abyssal plains that lie in the bottom of deep-sea trenches. This latter type traps all sediment from turbidi ...
UNOLS Booth at 2014 Ocean Sciences Conference Program
UNOLS Booth at 2014 Ocean Sciences Conference Program

The role of local atmospheric forcing on the
The role of local atmospheric forcing on the

Microzooplankton Community Structure and Grazing Impact Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula
Microzooplankton Community Structure and Grazing Impact Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula

Surface ocean-lower atmosphere study: Scientific synthesis and
Surface ocean-lower atmosphere study: Scientific synthesis and

Resource Booklet
Resource Booklet

ggecgoos01. - Japan Oceanographic Data Center
ggecgoos01. - Japan Oceanographic Data Center

Penguins And Krill - Life in a Changing Ocean
Penguins And Krill - Life in a Changing Ocean

International Conference on Rapid Sea Level Change: a Caspian
International Conference on Rapid Sea Level Change: a Caspian

Final report
Final report

... In this chapter the occurrence types of frost and their altitudinal distribution is described first. Thenpermafrostreactionstoclimatechangearediscussedundertwoaspects–thethermaland thegeomorphiconeaccordingtothealreadyexistingknowledge. Mainthermalreactionsa ...
Modeling ocean acidification in the California Current System
Modeling ocean acidification in the California Current System

... (CCS), one of the four major EBUS. A preindustrial simulation was conducted to study the natural carbon chemistry dynamics of this region. Results show that even before anthropogenic CO2 perturbed the carbon chemistry of the CCS, ∼84% of the benthic ecosystems on the continental shelf off northern a ...
Representing the Arctic in Global Surface Temperature Time Series
Representing the Arctic in Global Surface Temperature Time Series

Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in
Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments in

... Received 22 July 2014; revised 24 November 2014; accepted 26 November 2014; advance access publication 7 January 2015. Coastal upwelling regimes are some of the most productive ecosystems in the ocean but are also among the most vulnerable to ocean acidification (OA) due to naturally high background ...
Original Article Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments
Original Article Interpretation and design of ocean acidification experiments

Overwinter habitat selection by Antarctic krill under varying sea
Overwinter habitat selection by Antarctic krill under varying sea

Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide

... deforestation, fisheries and pollution). The increased fragility and sensitivity of marine ecosystems needs to be taken into consideration during the development of any policies that relate to their conservation, sustainable use and exploitation, or the communities that depend on them. ...
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Policy document 12/05 June 2005
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Policy document 12/05 June 2005

Initial Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Commitments
Initial Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Commitments

40. Neogene Controls on Hydrothermal Activity and
40. Neogene Controls on Hydrothermal Activity and

1 2 3 4 5 ... 105 >

Future sea level



The rate of global mean sea-level rise (~3 mm/yr; SLR) has accelerated compared to the mean of the 20th century (~2 mm/yr), but the rate of rise is locally variable. Factors contributing to SLR include decreased global ice volume and warming of the ocean. On Greenland, the deficiency between annual ice gained and lost tripled between 1996 and 2007. On Antarctica the deficiency increased by 75%. Mountain glaciers are retreating and the cumulative mean thickness change has accelerated from about −1.8 to −4 m in 1965 to 1970 to about −12 to −14 m in the first decade of the 21st century. From 1961 to 2003, ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 m increased and portions of the deeper ocean are warming.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) projected sea level would reach 0.18 to 0.59 m above present by the end of the 21st century but lacked an estimate of ice flow dynamics calving. Calving was added by Pfeffer et al. (2008) indicating 0.8 to 2 m of SLR by 2100 (favouring the low end of this range). Rahmstorf (2007) estimated SLR will reach 0.5 to 1.4 m by the end of the century. Pielke (2008) points out that observed SLR has exceeded the best case projections thus far. These approximations and others indicate that global mean SLR may reach 1 m by the end of this century. However, sea level is highly variable and planners considering local impacts must take this variability into account.
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