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Social Cognitive View Integrates Social Learning and Cognitive Theories • Reciprocal determinism • Self-regulation • Expectancy values & self-efficacy Reciprocal Determinism • Behaviorism Environment Person • Social learning theory Person Environment-1 Environment-2 Environment-3 Person Environment Self-Regulation • Delay of gratification • Emotion regulation • Limitations of self-regulation Delay of gratification • Children are given the choice: – Small reward now – Large reward later • How long can children can wait? • What strategies are used? Delay of Gratification as Predictor • Delay of gratification at age four can predict competence in adolescence: – – – – social competence cognitive competence scholastic achievement (SAT) coping with frustration • What is DOG based on? – Impulse inhibition? – General intelligence? Strategies for Delay of Gratification Waiting is easy if ... • … reward is hidden • … you think distracting thoughts • … you think of physical aspects of non-reward (think of a pretzel while waiting for a cookie) • … you see only a picture of the reward: – Waiting is easy if real reward is imagined as picture – Waiting is difficult if picture is imagined as real • Regulation of Attention seems to be central! Emotion Regulation Definition: • Any process that increases, decreases or modifies emotions • Relevant for any aspect of emotion - Experience - Behavior - Physiology • Can be conscious or unconscious. Possible points of regulation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Situation selection Situation modification Attention direction Cognitions / attributions Modulating responses – Experience – Behavior – Physiology Comparison Between Strategies for Emotion Regulation (Gross) Suppression 1. reducing expressive behavior: 2. “control your expression so that nobody could tell what you are feeling” Reappraisal 1. cognitive reframing 2. “think about the situation in a way that reduces the emotion” Success of Different Strategies • Both strategies reduce expressive behavior • Reappraisal reduces the experience of negative emotion • Suppression increases physiological responding Limitations of Self-Regulation Baumeister: “Strength” model of self-regulation • Self-regulation requires effort • Capacity for self-regulation is a limited resource • High demands on self-regulation will be followed by a period of reduced capacity Evidence for the “Strength” model of self-regulation: • Regulating emotional response to an upsetting film resulted in reduced hand-grip strength afterward • Trying to ‘not think about a white bear” led to: – reduced persistence at solving anagrams afterward – poorer suppression of amusement during a funny film afterwards