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Chapter 12 Social/Behavioral Socialization Outcomes Prologue: How do children learn how to treat one another? • Do different cultures have an varying concepts of “goodness”? • Why do some people behave like ogres in that they lie, cheat, steal, or kill? • Is the “hero role” just for boys, or can girls assume it too? Self-regulation/Behavior • Self-regulation refers to the ability to regulate one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place or object is available Fig. 12-1, p. 499 Self-regulation/Behavior • Antisocial behavior: Aggression – Development of aggressive behavior • Biological theories (Freud, Lorenz) • Learning theories (Bandura) • Information processing • Ecological • Social cognitive theory Table 12-1, p. 509 Self-regulation/Behavior • Prosocial behavior – Altruism – behavior that is kind, considerate, generous, and helpful to others • Biological • Learning (modeling, instruction, learning, by doing) • Cognitive-developmental • Social-interactional • Cultural theories Fig. 12-2, p. 518 Table 12-2, p. 520 Morals • Encompass an individuals evaluation of what is right and wrong – Moral development – one’s moral code develops through social interaction and reflects one’s ability to distinguish and act on right and wrong Morals • Influences on moral development – Several researchers believe that one’s moral code develops through social interaction (discussion, debate, and emergence of consensus) Morals • Situational context – the situation an individual is in often influences moral development Morals • Individual contexts – Temperament – Self-control – Self-esteem – Age/intelligence – Education – Social interactions – Emotions Table 12-3a, p. 524 Table 12-3b, p. 525 Morals • Socialization contexts – Family – Peers – School – Mass media – community Gender roles • A gender role refers to the qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture – Development of gender roles-sex typing begins at birth Fig. 12-3, p. 540 Gender roles • Theories of gender role development – Psychoanalytical theory (Freud) – Social learning or social cognitive theory (Mischel, Bandura) – Cognitive-Development theory (Kohlberg) – Gender schema theory (Bem, martin, Halverson) Gender roles • Influences on the development of gender roles 1. Family-individual differences in sex typing are influenced by parental involvement, maternal work status, and sex typing of parental roles within the home 2. Peers-peers tend to reinforce gender stereotyping and to encourage sex segregation that leads to boys and girls differently Gender roles 3. School-research has found that teachers treat boys and girls differently 4. Mass media-tends to portray gender stereotyped behaviors and expectations 5. Community influences through its attitudes regarding what is appropriate behavior for males and females and the gender roles models it provides with whom children can identify