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Project Studying Synechococcus elongatus for biophotovoltaics How to bioengineer a novel bio-photovoltaic system? Obtain a sequence by PCR, then clone it into a suitable plasmid •We’re adding DNA, but want Synechococcus to make a protein! 1) In bacteria transcription and translation are initially coupled 1) In Bacteria transcription and translation are initially coupled • RNA polymerase quits if ribosomes lag too much 1) In Bacteria transcription and translation are initially coupled • RNA polymerase quits if ribosomes lag too much • Recent studies show that ribosomes continue translating once mRNA is complete; i.e after transcription is done Bacteria have > 1 protein/mRNA (polycistronic) http://bmb-itservices.bmb.psu.edu/bryant/lab/Project/Hydrogen/index.html#secti on1 •euk have 1 protein/mRNA Bacteria have > 1 protein/mRNA (polycistronic) • Mutations can have polar effects: mutations in upstream genes may affect expression of perfectly good downstream genes! Transcription Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase makes all RNA core polymerase = complex of 5 subunits (a1aIIbb’w) Transcription Prokaryotes have one RNA polymerase makes all RNA core polymerase = complex of 5 subunits (a1aIIbb’w) w not absolutely needed, but cells lacking w are very sick Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 1) Core RNA polymerase is promiscuous Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 1) Core RNA polymerase is promiscuous 2) sigma factors provide specificity Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 1) Core RNA polymerase is promiscuous 2) sigma factors provide specificity • Bind promoters Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 1) Core RNA polymerase is promiscuous 2) sigma factors provide specificity • Bind promoters • Different sigmas bind different promoters Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 1) Core RNA polymerase is promiscuous 2) sigma factors provide specificity • Bind promoters 3) Once bound, RNA polymerase “melts” the DNA Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 3) Once bound, RNA polymerase “melts” the DNA 4) rNTPs bind template Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 3) Once bound, RNA polymerase “melts” the DNA 4) rNTPs bind template 5) RNA polymerase catalyzes phosphodiester bonds, melts and unwinds template Initiating transcription in Prokaryotes 3) Once bound, RNA polymerase “melts” the DNA 4) rNTPs bind template 5) RNA polymerase catalyzes phosphodiester bonds, melts and unwinds template 6) sigma falls off after ~10 bases are added Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Three DNA sequences (core regions) 1) Pribnow box at -10 (10 bp 5’ to transcription start) 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Three DNA sequences (core regions) 1) Pribnow box at -10 (10 bp 5’ to transcription start) 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Three DNA sequences (core regions) 1) Pribnow box at -10 (10 bp 5’ to transcription start) 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor 3) UP element : -57: bound by a factor Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Three DNA sequences (core regions) 1) Pribnow box at -10 (10 bp 5’ to transcription start) 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor 3) UP element : -57: bound by a factor Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Three DNA sequences (core regions) 1) Pribnow box at -10 (10 bp 5’ to transcription start) 5’-TATAAT-3’ determines exact start site: bound by s factor 2)” -35 region” : 5’-TTGACA-3’ : bound by s factor 3) UP element : -57: bound by a factor Other sequences also often influence transcription! Eg CAP site in lac promoter Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Other sequences also often influence transcription! Our plasmid contains the nickel promoter. Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Other sequences also often influence transcription! Our plasmid contains the nickel promoter. ↵ Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Other sequences also often influence transcription! Our plasmid contains the nickel promoter. nrsBACD encode nickel transporters Structure of Prokaryotic promoters Other sequences also often influence transcription! Our plasmid contains the nickel promoter. nrsBACD encode nickel transporters nrsRS encode “two component” signal transducers •nrsS encodes a his kinase •nrsR encodes a response regulator Structure of Prokaryotic promoters nrsRS encode “two component” signal transducers •nrsS encodes a his kinase •nrsR encodes a response regulator • When nrsS binds Ni it kinases nrsR Structure of Prokaryotic promoters nrsRS encode “two component” signal transducers •nrsS encodes a his kinase •nrsR encodes a response regulator • When nrsS binds Ni it kinases nrsR • nrsR binds Ni promoter and activates transcription of both operons Termination of transcription in prokaryotes 1) Sometimes go until ribosomes fall too far behind Termination of transcription in prokaryotes 1) Sometimes go until ribosomes fall too far behind 2) ~50% of E.coli genes require a termination factor called “rho” Termination of transcription in prokaryotes 1) Sometimes go until ribosomes fall too far behind 2) ~50% of E.coli genes require a termination factor called “rho” 3) Our terminator (rrnB) first forms an RNA hairpin, followed by an 8 base sequence TATCTGTT that halts transcription Homologous recombination 1) DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing Homologous recombination 1)DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing 2)DNA must get cut Homologous recombination 1) DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing 2) DNA must get cut 3) Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs 1) 2) 3) 4) Homologous recombination DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing DNA must get cut Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein) 1) 2) 3) 4) Homologous recombination DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing DNA must get cut Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein) • Must be capable of forming hybrid molecule! 1) 2) 3) 4) Homologous recombination DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing DNA must get cut Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein) • Must be capable of forming hybrid molecule! • DNA polymerase adds on to end of invading molecule 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Homologous recombination DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing DNA must get cut Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein): forms Holliday junction Branch migrates Homologous recombination 1)DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing 2)DNA must get cut 3)Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs 4)Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein): forms Holliday junction 5)Branch migrates 6)Holliday jn is cut & DNA is ligated Homologous recombination 1)DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing 2)DNA must get cut 3)Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs 4)Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein): forms Holliday junction 5)Branch migrates 6)Holliday jn is cut & DNA is ligated 7) Use mismatch repair to fix mismatches Homologous recombination 1)DNA strands must be capable of base-pairing 2)DNA must get cut 3)Ends are processed to form single-strand overhangs 4)Single strand invades homolog (with help of RecA protein): forms Holliday junction 5)Branch migrates 6)Holliday jn is cut & DNA is ligated 7) Use mismatch repair to fix mismatches •Why add selectable marker to new sequence Finding Orthologs 1)Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 2)Enter name of gene in search window 3)Select “nucleotide” 4)Select name of a promising sequence 5)Select “run BLAST”: optimize for somewhat similar sequences (blastn) 6)Pick out interesting orthologs Finding Orthologs 1)Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 2)Select “structure” 3)Enter name of protein in search window 4)Select name of a promising sequence 5)Select “protein” 6)Select “run BLAST” 7)Pick out interesting orthologs