Download Gene Technology

Gene Expression
0 Genome
0 Our _____________________ genetic information
Selective Breeding
0 When humans allow only those _____________________ with
__________________ characteristics to produce the next generation
0 Hybridization
0 Crossing _____________________ individuals to bring together the best
of both organisms
0 Inbreeding
0 Continued _____________________ of individuals with
_____________________ characteristics
0 Ex: breeds of dogs
Increasing Variation
0 Bacterial
0 Using radiation and chemicals to bacterial cultures, we
can make many _____________________ of bacteria
0 Ex: oil-digesting bacteria raised to clean up oil spills
0 Polyploid plants
0 Being able to make _____________________ and
_____________________ crops
Cutting DNA
0 Technology that ____________ long strands of DNA
0 Biologists use _____________________ _______________ in
order to cut the DNA
0 Biological _____________________
0 Restriction enzymes can recognize _____________________
sequences and only cut in certain areas of DNA
How to Make DNA Copies
0 Process called PCR (___________________________________)
0 Technology where a small DNA sample can be
__________________to many _____________ for analysis
PCR Steps
0 1. Add sample of DNA, DNA polymerase enzyme, free
nucleotides (to make new strands with) and heat
sample
0 The heat will act like helicase and separate the strands
of DNA
PCR Steps
0 2. Cool sample down so primers can be added to DNA
template strands
PCR Steps
0 3. DNA polymerase attaches to primers and adds
nucleotides to rest of DNA template strands
PCR Steps
0 4. Two new strands are made  repeat process until
enough DNA sample
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KoLnIwoZKU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEcy9k_KsDI
Recombinant DNA
0 Genetic engineering:
changing a genome of living
cell
0 Recombinant DNA: When
you combine two or more
DNA strands from different
organisms
Cloning
0 Clone
0 Exact copy of DNA, a whole cell or an
organism
0 Clones can be created by inserting DNA
into vectors
0 Vectors are organisms that are replicate
itself
0 Ex: bacteria, yeasts
Cloning
0 1. Egg cells are extracted from one organism and the
nucleus is removed
0 Nucleus removed because the DNA of the organism we
want needs to fuse into the egg
0 Cells from organism we wish to clone are removed
Cloning
0 2. Desired organisms cell is placed next to egg cell and
electric shock fuses the two cells into one
0 This triggers the new embryo to begin to divide and
develop
Cloning
0 3. Developing embryo is implanted in a surrogate
mother and after incubation period is over, a new
baby organism is born with the exact same genetic
information as original organism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qry1gYYDCA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tELZEPcgKkE
Genetically Modified Crops
0 Using recombinant DNA to make crops stronger and
produce more crop
0 Ex: tomato plants with arctic flounder DNA to withstand
winter temperatures
0 Ex: plants with Bt toxin DNA in their genome to protect
them from insects
Genetically Modified Crops
0 Made plants more tolerable to our environment
0 Resistance to weeds
0 Added Bt toxin DNA in their genome to protect them
from insects
0 Increase nutritional value to some plants
0 Ex: adding vitamin A to rice in Asia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTfuAbzAeB8
Genetically Modified Animals
0 Animals eat GM foods or are modified themselves to
increase muscle mass or production
0 Ex: cows are injected with hormones to produced larger
amount of milk, salmon injected to make larger muscles
to eat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVIznPgdQSM
Vaccines
0 Substance containing all or part of a harmless strain
of a pathogen
0 This gets introduced to our body and we build an
immunity for it creating a defense system against the
pathogen called antibodies
0 DNA vaccine: vaccine containing genes from pathogen
but will not cause infection
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SduMbjW2V9A
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120078/bio39.swf
DNA Fingerprinting
0 98% of our DNA does not code for a protein
0 Each person has a specific number of non-coding
regions
0 Called VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeats)
DNA Identification
0 Used to identify criminals
in a crime scene or to see
family relation
0 Four steps to use DNA
identification
0 1. Isolate DNA (make
copies if small sample)
0 2. Cut DNA in fragments
that are known VNTR
areas
0 3. Sort DNA by size (using
technology)
0 4. Compare size fragments
to known samples
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxWXCT9wVoI
Gel Electrophoresis
0 Technology that separates DNA fragments by size in a
gel to compare to known samples
0 Smaller DNA segments travel farther and faster down
the gel
Gel Electrophoresis
0 How to run a gel:
0 1. DNA sample gets cut up into short sequences
0 2. Each DNA sample (now cut up) gets added into its
own chamber well
Gel Electrophoresis
0 3. Electric current is run through the gel for a specific
amount of time
0 DNA is negatively charged and end of gel is positively
charged
0 When current runs, the DNA fragments move towards
the end of the gel
Gel Electrophoresis
0 4. DNA is transferred to a nylon membrane where
probes are added and an X-ray is taken of the gel for
copies to be made
0 Called a “bio fingerprint”
Gel Electrophoresis
0 How to read results: