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hybrid Loss of hybrid vigor resulting from inbreeding R Plasmid - self replicating - with genes for antibiotic resistance Main circular DNA The bacterium is broken to release its plasmids Isolate the plasmids by centrifugation Restriction enzyme added Antibiotic 2 Antibiotic 1 With genes for resistance of ... Restriction enzyme makes a staggered cut at specific base sequence on plasmid TTGA AACT The cut is made within the gene for antibiotic 2 resistance Cut with the same restriction enzyme TTGA Chromosome with the required gene AACT Ligase is added to anneal two pieces of DNA The foreign gene is now incorporated into the plasmid Another bacterium is induced to take up the plasmid How can we distinguish those bacteria which have taken up the plasmid from those haven’t ? culture the bacteria on a medium containing antibiotics 1 and 2 Culture the bacteria on agar with antibiotic 1 B A C F D E Colonies of bacteria which have taken up the antibiotic 1 resistance gene Filter paper press on the agar to produce replica The filter paper press on another agar with both antibiotics 1 and 2 Result : Colony E is missing. That is bacteria in this colony have no resistance to antibiotic 2 B A F C D B A C F D E Bacteria in colony E have the required gene . Bacteria in colony E is culture for the gene product. Regulator gene operator gene structural gene No lactose supplied When lactose supplied Repressor detached from the operator gene transcription occurs to produce enzyme ( the structural gene is turned on ) Thalassaemia Incomplete Dominance What is Thalassaemia ? Legend The Chances of a Child Inheriting the Disease Person with no Thalassaemia Person with Thalassaemia minor Person with Thalassaemia major Ethnic Groups More common countries: •Cyprus •Greece •Italy •Turkey •Malta •Egypt •Lebanon •people from the Middle East •Indian sub-continents •South East Asia Current options for Treatment of Thalassaemia as well as the Future options Issues that arise from the disease Current Issues : •abortion •blood transfusions •counseling •drug therapy •testing Future Issues: Bone Marrow Therapy Gene Therapy