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Y13 IB Biology Revision 4.4.1 Basic Biotechnology methods (PCR, DNA profiling, gel electrophoresis Biotechnology Bronze Silver Gold I can state what happens in gel electrophoresis, PCR, and DNA profiling I can Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and describe two applications of DNA profiling. I can Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about forensic investigations. I can explain the social implications of DNA profiling. Definitions Gel electrophoresis PCR (polymerase chain reactions) DNA profiling Forensic Investigations Outline of the process of Gel electrophoresis Rearrange these steps in the correct order (the 1st is correct) A sample of DNA pieces is placed in a well on the gel. Fragments of DNA separate. Negative fragments are moved to the positive electrode. Large fragments move more slowly than small ones. An electrical current is passed across the gel. Carry out LOOK COVER TEST CHECK on PCR Outline of the process of PCR PCR makes huge numbers of copies of a DNA sample (amplification). 95°C temperature is used to separate DNA strands. At cooler temperature DNA polymerase is used to build new strands This is an automated process – cycling hot and cool and can produce a million copies of the DNA in 20 cycles. Each cycle lasts about 4 minutes. Outline of the process of DNA Profiling Forensic Investigation: A specimen of DNA is taken from the the crime scene. PCR is used to amplify the sample. DNA samples are taken from the 3 suspects. DNA fragments are made using Restriction enzymes The fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis. The position (size of DNA fragments) of the bands is compared Interpretation: Which suspect bands are matched by the bands on the specimen? …………………. I can say 4.4.6 what the The human human genome genome project project is. I can discuss the international colaboration aspects, the I can outline discovery of great three outcomes genetic similarity of of the human genomes, and sequencing of how bioinformatics can the complete provide evidence for human genome. evolution, help in determining the number and function of genes Definitions Sequencing Genome Human genome project Outline 3 beficial outcomes of the Human Genome Project Discovery of the number of genes Discovery of the function of genes Other PAST PAPER Questions Outline the process of DNA profiling (genetic fingerprinting), including ways in which it can be used. (Total 6 marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… sample of DNA obtained from mouthwash / hair / other named source; satellite DNA / repetitive sequences used for profiling; amplification of DNA by polymerase chain reaction / PCR; cutting DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes; separation of fragments of DNA (by electrophoresis); separation according to the length of the fragments; pattern of bands obtained / different pattern of bands with DNA from different individuals; used for criminal investigations / example of use in criminal investigation; used to check paternity / who is the father / mother / parent; used to check whether two organisms are clones; (a) 6 max Define the term degenerate as it relates to the genetic code. .............................................................................................................................. (1) (b) Apart from international cooperation, outline two positive outcomes of the Human Genome Project. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (a) more than one codon / base triplet codes for an amino acid (b) may lead to an understanding of genetic diseases; may lead to the production of gene probes to detect carriers of genetic diseases; may lead to the production of pharmaceuticals based on DNA sequences; study of similarities / differences between human race; find location of genes / produce a complete gene map; 1 I can state that the genetic code is universal, (genes can be transfered 4.4.7genetic from organism to engineering. organism. I can give two examples of GM crops I can outline gene transfer using plasmids, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Definitions Universal genetic code GMO Gene transfer Restriction enzymes DNA ligase Outline benefits and harmful effects of genetic engineering. I can discuss the potential benefits and possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification. Including ethical and moral issues and economic benefits. 4.4.11cloning I can outline a technique for I can define cloning using clone. differentiated animal cells. I can discuss the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning in humans. Definitions Cloning Differenciated Animals Therapeutic Cloning Outline a technique for cloning Ethical Issues with cloning The other day I met a genetic engineer. His latest project is the mixing DNA from different species of birds. First he combined the DNA from a pheasant and a hen. It worked! He called it a "Phen." Next he successfully combined a pheasant and a goose. He called it a "Phoose” Yesterday, he was able to mix a pheasant and a duck. He called it... "Carl"