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Announcement Advanced Molecular Biology course 2015 is Essential (1) Syllabus Two parts (Dr Cho, Dr Kim) First part covers three themes - Protein Structure and Function (Ch3) - RTK strcuture and anti-cancer monoclonal antibody drugs - Biophysical techniques for experiments (2) How to get lecture slides structure.yonsei.ac.kr/ File name: AMB_Ch3 Announcement (continued) (3) Exam and Grading 2 times (Dr Cho (45%), Dr Kim (45%), attendance(10%) ) Problem types: Short or long answer with figures100% Place: Lecture Room S118A Posting of score in Exam: on the board at room SB134, (4) Interviewing with me You may see me during this course if you want My office hours: AM 10:00-11:00 on Thursday How: First, Contact me by E-mail or telephone E-mail address: [email protected], 2123-5651 Harvey Lodish • Arnold Berk • Paul Matsudaira • Chris A. Kaiser • Monty Krieger • Matthew P. Scott • Lawrence Zipursky • James Darnell Molecular Cell Biology Fifth Edition Chapter 3: Protein Structure and Function Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company Protein Structure and Function •Function is derived from three-dimensional structure ; - Structures define the functions of proteins •Only when a protein is in its correct threedimensional structure, it is able to function F1-ATPase Principles of Biology •Living organisms are subject to basic laws of chemistry and physics • Major difference between general chemistry and biology; they include more than 70% waters. so biological molecules are always surrounded by waters • Four of water’s properties for life – Cohesive behavior – High heat capacity – Expansion upon freezing – Versatility as a solvent • H-bonds • Peptide bond is plane! • the size of protein; dalton • average MW of amino acids in protein : 113 Secondary structure : alpha helix, beta sheet 60% polypeptide chain, H-bond Alpha helix : (n, n+4) carbonyl oxygen, amide hydrogen atom Direction : where is the N-terminal ? Top view Side view Beta sheet : Parallel, antiparallel pleated sheet Turns : 3-4 residues, glycine, proline common Motifs : paticular Combinations of Secondary Structures Structural and functional domains are modules of tertiary structure Heamagglutinin – Surface protein in influenza virus Structural domain : proline-rich domain, acidic domain, SH3, zinc-finger motif Functional domain : kinase domain, DNA-binding domain Epidermal growth factor Proteins Associate into multimeric structures and Macromelecular assemblies RNA polymerase II : 12 subunits (Dr. Roger kornberg) Mediator : 20 subunits Members of protein families have a common evolutionary ancestor 4 subnits * Oxygen-binding globin Plant Blood Homologous proteins belongs to a family Non-homologous protein : similar structure, similar function Muscle Folding, Modification, and Degradation of proteins • The information for protein folding is encoded in the amino acid sequence • Folding of proteins in vivo is promoted by chaperone 95% proteins within cells are in native conformation despite of high concentration (200-300mg/ml), which favor the precification of proteins in vitro. This can be explained by chaperones. (above 85% protein folding) - Molecular chaperone : bind to exposed hydrophobic regions and stabilize them, thereby preventing these proteins from aggregating and being degraded. (Hsp70+Hsp40, GrpE+DnaK) - Chaperonins directly facilitate the folding of proteins (TriC, GroEL) ATP X, ADP binding ; bind to misfolded protein ATP binding, GroES ; Releases the folded protein Cavity twofold increase TriC Chemical Modification of amino acid residues Nearly every protein in a cell is chemically modified after its synthesis. This may alter the activity, life span, or cellular location of proteins. 80% proteins are acetylated ; lifetime control, Nonacetylated protein – short lifetime collagen Membrane receptors prothrombin Phosporylation : Serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine Glycosylation : asparagine, serine, threonine Lipid attachment : Repression by nucleosomes Coiling of DNA around a histone octamer in the nucleosome is now recognized as a cornerstone of transcriptional control. Nucleosomes repress transcription in at least three different ways. First, they occlude sites of protein binding to DNA, thereby interfering with the interaction of activator and repressor proteins, polymerases and transcription factors, DNA-modifying enzymes. Second, chains of nucleosomes can become further coiled or folded, and this higher-order coiling represses transcription of entire chromosomal domains. Finally, interactions of nucleosomes with additional chromosomal proteins in heterochromatin repress gene expression in a hereditary manner6. Each histone is organized in two domains, a characteristic ‘histone fold’ and an unstructured N-terminal ‘tail’. The histone-fold domains constrain the DNA in a central core particle and, thereby, restrict access of DNA-binding proteins. This histone tail is a flexible amino terminus of 11-37 residues. Several positively charged lysine side chains in the histone tail may Interact with linker DNA, and the tails of one nucleosome likely interact with Neighboring nucleosomes higher-order coiling. The histone tail lysine, especially those in H3 and H4, undergo reversible acetylation and deacetylation by enzymes such as CBP (P300) and HDACs In the acetylated form, the positve charge of the lysine e-amino group is neuralized. This eliminate its interaction with a DNA phosphate group. So the greater the acetylation of histone N-terminus, the less likely chromatin is to form condensed 30-nm fibers and possibly higher-order folded structures. Sites of Histone Tail Modifications Epigenetics edited by Allis et al. (2007) Distinction between Euchromatic and Heterochromatic Domains Euchromatic Hallmarks H3K4-Me Heterochromatic Hallmarks H3K9-Me, H3K27Me Epigenetics edited by Allis et al. (2007) Proteolytic cleavage : blood coagulation, digestion and apoptosis EGF, insulin Protein self-splicing : internal segment is removed. Hedgehog. Serine is part of a catalytic triad that also includes histidine and aspartate -The three-dimensional structure of chymotrypsin was solved by David Blow in 1967. -It is synthesized as a single polypeptide, termed Chymotrypsinogen, which is activated by the proteolytic cleavage to yield the three chains. [1GCT.pdb] cleft -The active site of chymotrypsin, marked by serine 195, lies in a cleft on the surface of the enzyme. -This side chain of serine 195 is hydrogen bonded to the imidazole ring of histidine 57. Tetrahedral intermediate (acyl-enzyme) Nucleophilic attack Amine is free Burst phase Substrate binding Steady-state phase Carboxylic acid product Water mediated deacylation OH- Attacks the carbonyl carbon Degradation of protein Lysosomal pathway : extracellular proteins, hydrolytic enzyme and acidic sol’n Ubiquitination : lysine residue attached 76-residue peptide. E1,E2 : thioester bond E3 : specific substrate binding protein isopeptide bond Cytosolic protein ; cyclin Misfolded in ER Immune system N-terminal rule : stabilizing (Met, pro), destabilizing (Arg, leu) E3 enzyme read N-terminal residue ; cell cyclin (internal sequence) misfolded protein (hydrophobic sequence) 26S proteasome • 20S proteasome (CP) : 700kD, catalytic (7-9 a.a) • 19S proteasome (RP) : 700kD, 6 ATPase+isopeptidase Digestive Proteases Degrade Dietary Proteins Zymogen, stomoch (pepsin, F,L), pancrease (trypsin, chymotrypsine; basic, aromatic) Misfolding not only leads to a loss of the normal function of the protein but also Marks it for proteolytic degradation. The proteolytic fragments filamentous plaques degenerative disease ; Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, mad cow disease Amyloid precursor beta amyloid (a helix b sheet) MW ? Kd ? High shap complementarity :