Download Rekayasa genetika Siapkah kita menghadapi bencana besar

GMO
Genetically Modified Organisms
Protein adalah
bahan kimia super-kompleks
dimana perbedaan muatan
listrik sedikit saja, atau
perubahan pH,
bisa memutar
posisi atom C atau H
sehingga jadilah
bahan yang lain
sama sekali
The Genome Project
|
The Human Genome Project
=
Pemetaan Gene Manusia
Perjalanan Ilmiah
1. To observe
–
–
–
ada chromosome x dan y
ada sifat yang sex-linked
ada protein DNA yang salah urut
2. To describe
–
urutan abnormal pada rantai X-241....
menyebabkan (misalnya) phenylketonuria
Perjalanan Ilmiah
3. To understand
–
kejadian phenylketonuria tidak ada pada ras
yang chromosome P-23xx nya lengkap
4. To predict
–
genetic mapping pada fetus, kehamilan
diteruskan atau abortus
5. To control
–
merubah DNA agar tercipta mahluk
sempurna
Tujuan semula
• Kasihan pada pasien penyakit sukar
– Hemofilia, Sickle Cell Disease, Multiple
Sclerosis, Leukemia dll
– Diabetes 10% populasi = milyaran pasien yang
menderita
• Produksi makanan yang kurang
– banyak orang Afrika mati kelaparan
• Wabah penyakit virus ganas, parasit, vektor
yang sukar diberantas
Memproduksi “mahluk baru”
sesuai pesanan
• Penemuan DNA dan gene
• Deskripsi peran masing-masing gene
• Genetic engineering
– Manipulasi dan intervensi pemotongan
dan penggantian gene dan DNA
– Menciptakan mahluk “baru”
• Cloning
Apa salahnya
menciptakan mahluk baru ?
The question
• Apakah mahluk ciptaan manusia ini persis
membawa sifat yang kita rencanakan ?
• Apakah mahluk ini tidak membawa sifat
yang tidak kita rencanakan ?
• Apakah mahluk ini tidak melahirkan sifat
dahsyat akibat interaksinya dengan alam
sekitar / mahluk lain yang sudah ada ?
The answer
•
•
•
•
•
•
We don’t know
For God’s sake we don’t know
But it is promising financially
91% GMO di dunia buatan Monsanto, USA
Bibitnya tidak dapat disemaikan ulang
Seluruh dunia tergantung pada beli bibit
dari USA dan tergantung planning tanam
negara adi kuasa
Creatures great and small
• Thousands of different GM mice have been created,
to "model" human diseases
• Sheep, cows, mice, pigs, rabbits and cats cloned
• Dumber farm animals less sensitive to stress and
pain making easier for farmers to handle.
• GM chickens whose eggs contain medicines,
• Spider goats to produce spider's web in their milk,
to make body armour.
• Killer moths created to pass deadly gene to their wild
offspring, which feed on cotton plants.
Murphy’s law:
If anything can go wrong, it will go wrong
Biopharming : genetic tinkering can turn an ordinarylooking corn field into a potential drug factory, producing
insulin, chemotherapy drugs, and other products cheaper
than it costs to set up factory plant
Ini padi.
Tetapi apakah padi ini
hanya menghasilkan
beras ?
Atau antibiotika dalam
skala raksasa ?
Ini jagung.
Apakah cuma jadi
makanan sapi ?
Atau menghasilkan racun
yang akan membuat
ganas E.coli dalam usus
orang yang memakannya ?
Ke jagung
lain
Ke rumput
& gumma
Ke hewan
pemakan
Gene transfer
• Monsanto and Ciba-Geigy produce herbicides
• Monsanto and Ciba-Geigy modify genes that
make RR soybeans and Max corn resistant to
herbicides they produced
• Those genes could transfer to weeds, making
those weeds resistant to herbicides.
• Such resistance has already been observed in
Denmark, where rapeseed, a native European plant
used to make vegetable oil, was genetically altered to
resist a pesticide. That resistance then jumped from the
rapeseed plant to neighboring weeds
• Genes can destroy native plants permanently
GM genes found in human gut
John Vidal, The Guardian July 17, 2002
• British scientific researchers in Newcastle University
have demonstrated that genetically modified DNA
material from crops is finding its way into human gut
bacteria, raising potentially serious health questions.
People's resistance to widely used antibiotics could
be compromised.
GM genes found in human gut
• Seven human volunteers had their lower intestine
removed in the past and now use colostomy bags.
After being fed a meal of a burger containing GM
soya and a milkshake, the researchers compared
their stools with 12 people with normal stomachs.
• "a relatively large proportion of genetically modified
DNA survived the passage through the small bowel".
• GM DNA might be transferred via bacteria to the
intestine
• Cultivated bacteria from stools in the colostomy bags
showed in three of the seven samples that it had
taken up the herbicide-resistant gene from the GM
food at a very low level.
• Michael Antonio, a senior lecturer in molecular
genetics at King's College Medical School, London,
said "To my knowledge they have demonstrated
clearly that you can get GM plant DNA in the gut
bacteria”
• European scientists are worried about a
bacterium gene in Ciba-Geigy's corn
that conveys resistance to the antibiotic
ampicillin.
• The gene could be passed to the cattle
who eat the corn then spread to people
who eat the cattle.
• Both animals and humans would then
become resistant to ampicillin
Monsanto
• Artificial bovine growth hormone (rBGH) 1994 :
– the drug increased milk production
– but the resultant health problems in cattle outweighed
the benefits from the extra milk produced. Sales drop
55% in 2 years.
• Flavr Savr tomato is genetically engineered to taste
like a homegrown tomato yet be sturdy enough to
ship across country.
• Bollgard, genetically engineered cotton, produce a
natural pesticide to three insects that eat cotton.
– Bollgard failed to perform as expected during a heavy
bollworm infestation. Monsanto began telling farmers
that spraying might be necessary to save their crops.
Monsanto, Abbott dll
• In theory, Bollgard cotton works because it has been
genetically engineered to contain genes from the
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is
harmless to humans but in high enough doses kills
insects.
• The long-term implications are frightening. Bt, a
natural substance. Making this natural pesticide an
integral part of cotton and soybeans and corn, will
hasten the evolution of Bt-resistant insects.
• Abbott Laboratories marketed DiPel insecticide, a
blend of five or more toxins as the solution for
growers who planted Monsanto's Bollgard.
Monsanto, Ciba-Geigy
• Ciba-Geigy has similar plans for Maximizer, a corn
hybrid loaded with three altered genes. Like
Monsanto's cotton, Ciba-Geigy's corn contains a Bt
gene that makes the corn toxic to pests, in this case
the corn-borer larvae.
• Like Roundup Ready, Maximizer is also built to resist
one of Ciba- Geigy's herbicides, glufosinate
Bagaimana jika gene ini masuk
ke sel manusia dan masuk ke
DNA nya ?
Pada orang sakit berat dengan terapi
recombinant products ?
Pada bayi dan anak tumbuh kembang
dengan diet susu atau
makanan tambahan Genetic Modified ?
10 processed foods that will soon contain
Roundup Ready soybeans and Maximizer corn
•
•
•
•
•
Coca-Cola,
Fritos corn chips,
Kraft salad dressings,
Similac infant formula
McDonald's french fries.
Mutasi yang sejauh ini kita kenal
• Cystic fibrosis
– 80% memiliki orang tua sehat
• Hemofilia
– 30% memiliki orang tua sehat
– 1 - 8 / 10,000 penduduk
• Multiple Sclerosis ?
• Schizophrenia ?
Beranikah negara kita menolak GMO / GMF ?
sheep milk
contains medicine
Cloning
|
penggandaan mahluk hidup
tanpa reproduksi seksual
Apakah ini bisa berhasil ?
Pigs farming for organs (xeno-transplant)
Skenario B
• Bagaimana jika hewan clone mati kena
penyakit baru ?
• Bagaimana jika hewan clone menyebarkan
penyakit baru ?
• Bagaimana jika rekayasa genetika membuat
perang kuman dan virus baru ?
Kronologi wabah besar di dunia
•
•
•
•
•
•
1600-1700 : wabah pes, jutaan mati
1950 : wabah polio dan flu, ribuan mati
1985 - : wabah HIV, jutaan mati
1995 - : wabah CJE, puluhan mati
1998 - : Ebola, meningitis dll
2002 - SARS, ratusan mati
Recombinant technology
• E coli dibuat agar memproduksi
erythropoeitin, insulin, growth hormones
• Adenovirus dimuati gene agar merubah selsel mucosa pasien cystic fibrosis berhenti
hipersekresi
• Rotavirus dimuati gene agar merubah sel
mucosa usus berhenti jadi colitis ulcerosa
Adults and children estimated to be living
with HIV/AIDS as of end 1998
Eastern Europe
Western Europe & Central Asia
North America
890 000
Caribbean
330 000
Latin America
1.4
million
99000-E-1 – 15 December 1998
500 000 270 000East Asia & Pacific
North Africa
560 000
& Middle East South
Asia
210 000 & South-East
6.7 million
sub-Saharan
Africa
22.5
million
Australia
& New
Zealand
12 000
Total: 33.4 million
2001: 36.1 million
Proportional increase in country
HIV prevalence rates between 1994 and 1997
Over 100% (27)
10% to 100%
0.01% to 10%
No growth
No 1997 data
(47)
(18)
(44)
(36)
98036-E-15 – 15 July 1998
Apakah HIV bukan strain virus
rekayasa kita yang keluar jalur ?
Experimental biology
gone beserk ?
Are we all doomed?
Can our planet survive?
Nuclear terrorism
Engineered viruses
Rogue machines ?
Technology is throwing up all kinds of new
apocalyptic threats.
Astronomer Royal, Sir Martin Rees, 30 April 2003
Apakah SARS bukan
strain virus rekayasa kita
yang keluar jalur ?
The answer
• We don’t know
Dan (Syu’aib) berkata :
“Hai kaumku, cukupkanlah sukatan dan
timbangan dengan adil
dan janganlah kamu kurangi sedikitpun
hak-hak manusia,
dan janganlah kamu
berbuat bencana di muka bumi
sebagai orang-orang perusak.
(Surat Huud : 85)