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What is DNA? • Large molecule contained in chromosomes, makes up chromosomes, responsible for all your traits • Deoxyribonucleic acid • James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix, DNA model (1953) Structure of DNA • Double Helix – looks like a ladder • Sides made up of Sugar • Steps made up of nitrogen bases, that have specific pairs • Bases are Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. Replication Replication • Body cells reproduce by a process of Mitosis. • Replication is the process by which DNA duplicate in order to form two identical cells • Cells need to reproduce to create new cells for growth, repair of tissue, (healing) and to produce other things our body needs. • Why do the body cells have to be identical? The Role of DNA • The DNA molecule or ladder can have thousands of steps or base pairs. • The number and arrangement form a genetic “code” • This determines the kind of genes, which determine the inherited traits of an organism • Genes are part of chromosomes and control inherited traits What is Protein Synthesis? • DNA controls an organism’s traits by producing certain proteins. • Protein synthesis is the process by which proteins are made by the cell. • DNA has the code or blue print for building proteins • RNA is a single strand nucleic acid that is used in the making of proteins. • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. What makes you, you? • Play Genetics 101 clip. What are chromosomes? • Fine thread like structures located in a cell’s nucleus. • Chromosomes control heredity • Chromosomes are made of chromatin, which are very long thin strands of DNA • Chromatin is wrapped tightly together around a protein in an X shape • Chromatids is one part of the X shape, held together by a centromere. What are Karyotypes? • Karyotype organized display of an organism’s chromosomes. • Centromere – point of a chromosome where two parts meet. • Gene is a part of a chromosome that controls inherited traits • Chromosomes come in pairs, Alleles are different versions of the same gene. (usually one from the mother and one from the father)