Download BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Text reading
LAB Lyle and Louis Murder Mystery
LAB Splicing a plasmid
LAB Extracting DNA
Worksheet “Gene Technology”
Worksheet
Chap 16 DNA Tech
Web activity
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/
Important 3rd Quarter Dates:
 Bonus #1 – Feb. 19
 Bonus #2 – March 19
 CP #1- Feb 11
 CP #2 – March 11
 Video – April 5
 Vocabulary (94-99) restriction
enzyme, plasmid, gene cloning, gene
therapy, chimera, hybrid
 read 226-228, 234,236-239, 246, 247
for next section on genetic
engineering
 BIOTECHNOLOGY ARTICLES TO
READ (ques. due Wednesday) (13 pts.)
Definitions…
 Technology – any tool that makes life easier
(toothpick, phone, space shuttle, screwdriver,
computer)
 Biotechnology – the tool is a living creature
that makes our life easier or better (usually
dealing at the cellular or DNA level but might
also include a cow pulling a plow)
 Genetic Engineering - modification of the
DNA in an organism or exchange of DNA
between organisms – why would we want to do
this?
The next slides are just
reminders of concepts
BASICS OF INHERITANCE
 DNA is the
hereditary
molecule
 BLUE PRINT for
all traits
 Universal and
Interchangeable
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
 Coiled strands
of DNA
 23 pairs of
chromosomes
 23 from ♀ egg
 23 from ♂ sperm
I. Sexual reproduction
 ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
II. Hybrid
 Offspring produced by the mating of
different species.
 Every cell contains DNA from both
species
 Can you name some hybrid animals?
Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo
 Horse and a donkey= mule
 ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE
Wolf/dog hybrid
Liger or tiglon
Zonkey or zedonk
Rat/squirrel hybrid
Llamal llama/camel hybrid
III Chimera
 Produced in the laboratory
 EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"
 Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera
III Chimera
 Produced in the laboratory
 EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"
 Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera
GEEP
IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Test tube babies
 Procedure
 female injected with hormones to cause
ovulation of many eggs
 Male donates sperm
 Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a
lab to create embryos
 Embryo implanted in surrogate mother
Test Tube Babies
 In Vitro
Fertilization
(IVF) and
Embryo
Transfer (ET)
 20% success
rate
V. Surrogate Motherhood
Can be used for :
 Infertile couples
 Experimentation
 Increase the population of
endangered species
 QUESTION? What do we do with
the left over human embryos?
Make it exciting
VI Genetic Engineering
and Moving Genes
 -Human Genome Project (video) HGP
READ pg. 236
 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the
human genome (2-3 billion pairs)

(100,000 genes)
 -genome -all the possible bases in a
species or individual
 gene- DNA sequence that codes for a
protein. The protein may lead to a
visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture,
blood type etc)
 Genetic Disease- disease caused by
a defective or mutant gene.
Considered hereditary, if it can be
passed on to the next generation (i.e.
Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major
examples)
HOW GENTIC
ENGINEERING IS DONE
 Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps
 Procedure
 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is
removed
 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery
into another cell
 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene
are made by allowing the host cell to
multiply
 4. screening- cells with the new gene are
sorted from the multitude produced
BT Corn
Insulin
from
bacteria
Artificial
insemination
or embryo
transfer
How is the DNA cut?
(ACTIVITY HERE)
 Restriction enzymes- recognize a
specific DNA sequence and cuts it at
every location
 EcoRI
BamHI
 GAATTC
GGATCC
 CTTAAG
CCTAGG
How is the DNA delivered?
Viruses, yeast or plasmid
can be used.
A plasmid is a loop of DNA
that are independent of the
main DNA of a bacteria
cell.
 The same restriction enzyme is
used to open the plasmid.
 Nucleotide pairs on the end of
the gene and plasmid join in a
complimentary fashion.
 The gene is now part of the
host’s DNA- recombinant DNA
How do the recombinant
cells multiply?
 Nutrients are provided to facilitate
growth of bacteria
 Bacteria grow- they are clones of
each other
 Cloning- creating exact genetic
copies (bacteria, cells, embryos…
humans?)
How is the DNA separated?
 Electrophoresis
 http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/lab
s/gel/
KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$
Cloning Around
(reproductive cloning)
 All SOMATIC CELLS (body
cells) contain DNA blueprint
for the individual organism
 Any cell can behave like a
ZYGOTE to produce an entire
individual
 The nucleus of a somatic cell isd
placed inside an egg cell that has
had its nucleus removed.
 Electricity sparks cell division in
the fertilized egg cell and an
embryo is formed.
 The embryo is placed in a womb
or suitable environment for
development.
CLONING BASICS
HISTORY OF CLONING
 1953
 1996
 2002
 2003
 2005
frog
sheep
cat
horse
dog
277
82
841
ATTEMPTS BEFORE
SUCCESS
 Reproductive
Cloning is
expensive and
inefficient
 CC cost $50,000
 Horse 1/841 .12%
 Sheep 1/277 .36%
STEM CELL RESEARCH
 What’s so
special about
Stem Cells?
 Biological
immortality
 Pluripotentcan become
any of 220
cell types
Therapeutic potential
Pancreas beta cells to
produce insulin to relieve
diabetes
Dopamine producing cells in
the brain to relieve
Parkinson’s disease
Regrowth of missing limbs
ADULT STEM CELLS
 “cells in adult tissues that are
undifferentiated”
 Multipotent (can become many of the
220 cell types)
 Sources
 bone marrow, umbilical cord,
 hair follicle, skin,
 adipose cells, More are known
Most well know example of Adult
Stem Cell… bone marrow stem cells
VIII Moral and Ethical issues
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WHY IS THIS BEING DONE?
HOW IS THIS BEING DONE?
WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?
Should this be done?
Will anyone or any organism be injured?
Who will benefit from this research?
Are there alternatives to this procedure?
How will this be paid for?
What will be done after the process?
Is there a danger to the environment?
The Use of Animals in Science and Industry
sources of f ood (w hole animal)
sources of f ood byproduct (i.e. eggs, milk)
industrial raw materials applications
- source of fabric/clothing (i.e. w ool, leather)
- source of industrial molecules (i.e. rennin)
- testing of cosmetics
medical applications
- source of pharmaceutical molecules (i.e. insulin)
- source of transplant organs (i.e. valves, cornea)
transportation and laborers
laboratory test specimen
- testing of new drugs
- testing of environmental hazards
- f or endangered species protection
- f or broadening scientific know ledge
educational tools/teaching purposes
- dissection
- surgical practice
- behavioral observation
- physiological observation
companions/pets
Chimpanzee (vertebrate with very
advanced nervous system)
Monkey (vertebrate with advanced
nervous system)
Dog/Cat (vertebrate with advanced
nervous system)
Cow/ livestock (vertebrate with
advanced nervous system)
Rodent/Rat/Rabbit (vertebrate with
more advanced nervous system)
Birds/ Fowl (vertebrate with
relatively simple nervous system)
Frogs (vertebrate with relatively
simple nervous system)
Fish/ Zebrafish (vertebrate with
relatively simple nervous system)
Octopi (invertebrate with advanced
nervous system)
Worms (invertebrate with simple
nervous system)
Any animal of any kind should be
used for this purpose.
Anim al Use (general, - specif ic)
No animal of any kind should be used
for this purpose.
Place an "X" in each box that you agree with the use of that species for that purpose.
Place an "NO" in each box that you do not agree with the use of that species for that purpose.
Place a "n/a" is placed where a decision is not applicable)
TEST FRIDAY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Text pages (226-228, 234, 236-239,246,247)
2 articles w/questions
Worksheets Gene tech and DNA tech
L and L Lab activity
Interpret electrophoresis banding patterns
Diagram and explain hybrids and chimera
Provide examples of above
Explain techniques and uses of IVF and ET
Vocabulary (94-100)
Be able to answer the question “Pick one example of
biotechnology that we have studied, explain what it
is and provide your view of the technology”
 Biotechnology Test Review Questions:
 Easy
 Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is called a ____.
 Give two examples of vectors:
 The entire collection of genes within human cells is called
the _______________.
 Difference between technology and biotechnology?
 Function of restriction enzymes?
 HGP stands for? How many base pairs in HG? How
many proteins?
 Difference between surrogate and biological mother?
 A _____________ is caused by a defective or mutant
gene.
 Define gene.
 The first cell created by sexual reproduction is called a
 Medium
 1. Inserting unrelated pieces of DNA together will
result in ____________________.
 2. IVF stands for? What is a synonym used for
IVF?
 3. What does transgenic mean?
 4. Identical twins are considered to be genetic
___________.
 5. How does IVF work? What does the female
have to do? What does the male have to do?
 6. Why does IVF sometimes result in twins, triplets,
or quads?
 7. Difference between fraternal vs. identical twins?
 8. How does Gel Electrophoresis separate DNA
fragments?
 9. What is an example of a genetic disease?
 10. What kind of ethical questions arise from IVF?
 Difficult
 What is the difference between gene therapy and
genetic engineering?
 Difference between a hybrid and chimera?
 Steps of genetic engineering?
 The Hind R1 restriction enzyme is used to slice
DNA at the GAATTC between the G and C.
Illustrate how this enzyme would precisely cut the
fragment:
 ATTAGATCGCCCTAGAATTCAAGCTGGTAGCTAGCTACATCTA
 TAATCTAGAGGGATCTTAAGTTCGACCATCGATCGATGTAGAT
 What research can be done using gel
electrophoresis?